Continuous Aerobic Training In Individualized Intensity Avoids Spontaneous Physical Activity Decline And Improves Mct1 Expression In Oxidative Muscle Of Swimming Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Although aerobic training has been shown to affect the lactate transport of skeletal muscle, there is no information concerning the effect of continuous aerobic training on spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Because every movement in daily life (i.e., SPA) is generated by skeletal muscle, we think that it is possible that an improvement of SPA could affect the physiological properties of muscle with regard to lactate transport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of continuous aerobic training in individualized intensity on SPA of rats and their gene expressions of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4 in soleus (oxidative) and white gastrocnemius (glycolytic) muscles. We also analyzed the effect of continuous aerobic training on aerobic and anaerobic parameters using the lactate minimum test (LMT). Sixty-day-old rats were randomly divided into three groups: a Baseline group in which rats were evaluated prior to initiation of the study; a control group (Co) in which rats were kept without any treatment during 12 weeks; and a chronic exercise group (Tr) in which rats swam for 40 min/day, 5 days/week at 80% of anaerobic threshold during 12 weeks. After the experimental period, SPA of rats was measured using a gravimetric method. Rats had their expression of MCTs determined by RT-PCR analysis. In essence, aerobic training is effective in maintaining SPA, but did not prevent the decline of aerobic capacity and anaerobic performance, leading us to propose that the decline of SPA is not fully attributed to a deterioration of physical properties. Changes in SPA were concomitant with changes in MCT1 expression in the soleus muscle of trained rats, suggestive of an additional adaptive response toward increased lactate clearance. This result is in line with our observation showing a better equilibrium on lactate production remotion during the continuous exercise (LMT). We propose an approach to combat the decline of SPA of rats in their home cages. This new finding is worth for scientists who work with animal models to study the protective effects of exercise.7Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP [2011/16222-7, 2012/20501-1, 2014/10336-9]Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - CNPq [305650/2009-2]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Family farming and sustainable rural development: a case study in a settlement in the Brazilian Amazon

The struggle for a fair distribution of land consolidated social movements and put pressure on the Brazilian government to carry out agrarian reform. The government allocated rural workers to the settlements and created programs to strengthen family farming. The global concern with the sustainability of the planet has led scholars to think that family farming is an alternative for the reduction of poverty and for the preservation of the environment. Based on this principle, the objective of this study was to analyze whether family farming used in the family units of the Joana Darc III settlement in Rondônia contributes to sustainable development. Materials and methods: The research is characterized as descriptive and a case study. We use an instrument developed by Anjos17, semi-structured, divided into 6 blocks: Identification of the profile of farmers; Characterization of the production unit; Characterization of crop production; Production commercialization; Financing and infrastructure and, Life conditions. The sample granted for accessibility was a group formed by 30 (26.3%) rural farmers from the Joana Darc III settlement who cultivate different crops, harvested from a population of 114 farmers. For the sample size, the systematic sampling formula presented by Barbetta26 was used. The research project considers the ethical aspect and is in accordance with CNS Resolution 196/96. Results: The results showed that the settlers received financing from Pronaf for investments in increasing production and technical assistance from EMATER. However, the production system adopted is traditional, with the use of pesticides in crops and the use of pesticides in animals and they practice burning to clean the land. This practice goes against the principles of clean agriculture, which aims to preserve the environment. It was also found that the settled farmers sell their products below the market price, reducing their profit margin. However, all were unanimous in ensuring that they would have better living conditions compared to the life before the settlement and believe in improvements in the future. Conclusions: It was rejected the hypothesis that family farming used in the family units of the Joana Darc III settlement in Rondônia contributes to sustainable development

Stress biomarkers in rats submitted to swimming and treadmill running exercises

The objective of the present work was to compare stress biomarkers (serum ACTH and corticosterone hormones) during known intensity swimming and treadmill running exercises performed by rats. Adult Wistar rats (n = 41) weighing 320-400 g at the beginning and 420-500 g at the end of the experiment, previously adapted to exercise and with Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS) already determined were used. The animals were divided into the following subgroups: (1) sacrificed shortly after session of 25 min of exercise (swimming or treadmill) at the MLSS intensity or (2) sacrificed after exhaustive exercise (swimming or treadmill) at intensity 25% higher than MLSS. For comparison, a control group C was sacrificed at rest. Two-way ANOVA was used to identify differences in the stress parameters (P<0.05). At both exercise intensities serum ACTH concentrations were significantly higher for the swimming group compared to running and control groups, while serum corticosterone concentrations in swimming and running groups were significantly higher than in the control group. The differences were more pronounced at the higher intensity (25% higher than MLSS). The swimming group showed higher concentrations for both hormones in relation to the running group. Only acute swimming exercise induced activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses expected to stress: elevations in the serum ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Efeitos do exercício físico e do tratamento com metformina sobre os aspectos endócrino­metabólicos de ratos obesos de ambos os sexos

Obesity is a public health problem is linked with numerous chronic health conditions. Physical activity can promote weight loss and metformin can prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. To investigate the influence of physical training and metformin on endocrine­metabolic aspects in obese male and female rats, wistar rats were distributed into four groups: sedentary control, sedentary obese, trained obese and metformin obese. Obesity was induced by monosodium glutamate­MSG­ administration, 4mg/g body weight, administered every 2 day, from birth to 14 days of age. Training protocol consisted of swimming 1hour/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks, supporting 5% b.w. and metformin treatment consisted in 1.4 mg/ml per day, administered in the drinking water. During the experimental period, body weight, naso­anal length, water and food ingestion were weekly registered. At the end of this period, rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for glucose and insulin determinations. Gastrocnemius samples were used to determine glycogen. Obesity increased Lee index in females witch was recovered by physical training. Insulin levels were increased in male obese and were recovered by physical training and metformin. Physical training also decreased body mass in male obese and stabilized this parameter in obese female. In conclusion, physical training and metformin partially counteracted the metabolic conditions of obese rats.A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública que está ligado a numerosas doenças crônicas. A atividade física pode promover perda de peso. A Metformina contribui para prevenir o desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2. Para investigar a influência do treinamento físico e metformina sobre aspectos endócrino­metabólicos de ratos machos e fêmeas obesas, ratos wistar foram distribuídos em quatro grupos machos e quatro fêmeas: controle sedentário, obeso sedentário, obeso treinado e obeso metformina. A obesidade foi induzida por administração de glutamato monossódico, 4mg/g de massa corporal, cada 2 dias, do nascimento até o 14o dia de vida. O protocolo de treinamento físico consistiu em natação, 1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana durante 8 semanas, suportando sobrecarga de 5% da massa corporal e o tratamento com metformina consistiu de 1.4mg/ml por dia administrado na água de ingestão livre. Durante o período experimental a massa corporal, comprimento naso­anal, ingestão de água e alimento foram coletadas semanalmente. Ao final deste período, os ratos foram sacrificados e o sangue foi coletado para determinações de glicose e insulina. Amostras do músculo gastrocnêmio foram utilizadas para determinar o glicogênio. A obesidade aumentou o índice de Lee nas fêmeas, que foi recuperado pelo treinamento físico. Os níveis de insulina sérica foram aumentados pela obesidade nos machos e recuperados pelo treinamento físicos e pela metformina. O treinamento físico também diminuiu a massa corporal nos obesos masculino e estabilizou este parâmetro nas fêmeas obesas. Como conclusão, o treinamento físico e a metformina contribuem para melhorar parcialmente as condições metabólicas de ratos obesos