Studies of countercurrent gas-liquid flow in packed beds

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Quantum Image-Forming Theory for Calculation of Resolution Limit in Laser Microscopy

Here we show what determines the optical resolution in laser microscopy. We define the expanded resolution limit (spatial frequency cutoff ) that includes the classic Abbe definition as 2 NA/λ, where λ is the wavelength. The resolution limit can approximately be redefined as the frequency cutoff αNA/λ, where α is the constant that depends on the optical process occurring in the sample. In the case of the optical process originating from the linear susceptibility χ(1), the resolution limit is well known as the Abbe definition, namely, α = 2. However, when other optical processes are harnessed to form the image through laser microscopy, the resolution limit can differ. We formulate a theoretical framework that can calculate the expanded resolution limits of all kinds of laser microscopy utilizing coherent, incoherent, linear, and nonlinear optical processes

Über die Einwirkungen von KCl und CaCl(2) auf die respiratorische Nasenschleinhaut

Verfasser injizierte bei einer Gruppe von Kaninchen eine isotonische Lösung von KCl und bei einer anderen eine solche von CaCl(2) täglich zweimal in die Ohrvene durch mehre Tage hindurch, u. zwar jedesmal im Mengenverhältnis von 5cc pro kg Körpergewicht. Am Ende jeder Woche wurden die Tiere getötet, sodass die Lebensdauer nach der ersten Injektion sich auf 1-8 Wochen beläuft. Von jedem Tiere wurde die untere Nasenmusehel mit der gegenüberliegenden Scheidewand abgenommen und in Zenkerscher Flüssigkeit fixiert, um dann die Schnitte mikroskopisch zu untersuchen. Daraus ergibt sich folgendes: Im Fall der KCl Injektion macht sich zuerst die Erscheinung der Gewebeauflockerung und-Anschwellung geltend, indem die Epithelzellen ihre Höhe zunehmen und die Kerne sich nur schwach färben lassen, wobei das Bindegewebe etwas ödematisch wird. Diese Erscheinung prägt sich am deutlichsten aus (Fig. 2), wenn man die Injektion zwei Wochen lang fortsetzt. Bei weiterer Fortsetzung der Injektion tritt sie jedoch in den Hintergrund, und am Ende der 5. Injektionswoche trifft man mehr das Gegenteil an, indem die Epithelzellen niedrig werden, die Kerne sich intensiv färben und das Bindegewebe eine Schrumpferscheinung aufweist (Fig. 5). Dieser Zustand verändert sich wieder, wenn man die Injektion noch weiter fortsetzt. Dabei sieht man, dass die Epithelzellen hüher werden und die Kerne und das Bindegewebe mehr oder weniger anschwellen (Fig. 5-8). Kurz tritt die Anschwellung und Schrumpfung des Gewebes alternierend auf im Verlauf der lange Zeit wiederholten KCl-Injektionen. Im Fall der CaCl(2)-Injektion kommt eine Schrumpferscheinung der Gewebselemente in erster Linie zum Vorschein, was am Ende der 3. Injektionswoche am deutlichsten zu sehen ist (Fig. 11). Bei weiterer Fortsetzung der Injektion tritt diese Erscheinung in den Hintergrund und die Gewebselemente zeigen eine Neigung, sich aufzulockern (Fig. 12-5). Eine noch weitere Veränderung konnte der Verfasser leider nicht verfolgen, doch hält er für wahrscheinlich, dass die Reaktionserscheinungen des Gewebes auch hier in alternierender Form zutage treten, gerade wie im Fall von KCl

Simulation of soil liquefaction distribution in downtown Mashiki during 2016 Kumamoto earthquake using nonlinear site response

Several sites located between Road No.28 and Akitsu River in downtown Mashiki were liquefied during the mainshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. According to the building damage survey results, only a few buildings were damaged in areas proximate to the Akitsu River, where liquefaction occurred, however, serious building damage occurred in neighboring regions. Therefore, the effect of soil liquefaction on strong ground motions in Mashiki should be ascertained. Moreover, the distribution of visible and invisible liquefaction is required to be estimated as well. In this study, the distribution of depth of groundwater level in Mashiki was studied, which decreased from 14 to 0 m from northeast to southwest. Thereafter, the nonlinearities of the shallow layers at four borehole drilling sites were identified from the experimental data using the Ramberg-Osgood relationship. Subsequently, the dynamic nonlinear effective stress analysis of the one-dimensional soil column was performed to 592 sites in Mashiki between the seismological bedrock and ground surface to estimate the distribution of strong ground motions during the mainshock. First, the ground motions estimated by the nonlinear analysis corresponded to the ground motions observed at the Kik-net KMMH16. Second, the soil nonlinearity of shallow layers was considerably strong in the entire target area especially in the southern Mashiki, and the PGV distribution was similar to the building damage distribution after the mainshock. Furthermore, the estimated distribution of the soil liquefaction site was similar to the observed results, whereas certain invisible-liquefaction sites were estimated in the north and middle of the target area

Development of Pore Pressure and Shear Strain in Clean Hostun Sands Under Multi-directional Loading Paths

A series of undrained multi-directional direct simple shear tests with circular paths were conducted to investigate the excess pore pressure generation and shear strain development in clean Hostun sands under multi-directional loading condition. The results of an example test are shown. The excess pore pressure accumulation and shear strain development under multi-directional loading condition exhibits evidently different characteristics compared with that under uni-directional loading condition. Excess pore pressure accumulates generally with the circular stress path but can have increase and decrease within a single cycle as well

Analysis of the Antioxidative Function of the Radioprotective Japanese Traditional (Kampo) Medicine, Hangeshashinto, in an Aqueous Phase

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and painful complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Hangeshashinto (HST), a Japanese traditional medicine, is known to alleviate radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy-induced OM; however, the detailed mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study is to clarify the details of the antioxidative functions of HST against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by radiation. The hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging ability and reduction ability was simultaneously measured using a modified electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping method. The superoxide (O2•−) scavenging ability was estimated by an EPR redox probing method. Water suspension of powdered HST and its seven constitutive crude drugs were tested. In addition, some of the main water soluble ingredients of the crude drugs were also tested. HST was found to scavenge both •OH and O2•−. Furthermore, HST was observed to reduce relatively stable nitroxyl radicals. Glycyrrhizae Radix (kanzo), Ginseng Radix (ninjin), Zizyphi Fructus (taiso), and glycyrrhizin (an ingredient of kanzo) were all found to be relatively good •OH scavengers. Scutellariae Radix (ogon) and Coptidis Rhizoma (oren) demonstrated reducing ability. In addition, acteoside and berberine chloride, which are water soluble ingredients of ogon and oren, respectively, also demonstrated reducing ability. Oren exhibited oxidative ability at higher concentrations, which may have a function to maintain catalytic redox action. The antioxidative function of HST probably worked in a balance of scavenging ROS, reducing stable free radicals and some minor oxidative effects

CADASIL and CARASIL

Peer reviewe

Recombinant FXIII (rFXIII-A(2)) Prophylaxis Prevents Bleeding and Allows for Surgery in Patients with Congenital FXIII A-Subunit Deficiency

Recombinant factor XIII-A(2) (rFXIII-A(2)) was developed for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeds in patients with congenital FXIII A-subunit deficiency.mentor (TM) 2 (NCT00978380), a multinational, open-label, single-arm, multiple-dosing extension to the pivotal mentor (TM) 1 trial, assessed long-term safety and efficacy of rFXIII-A(2) prophylaxis in eligible patients (patients with severe [= 6 years. Patients received 35IU/kgrFXIII-A(2) (exactdosing) every 28 +/- 2 days for >= 52 weeks. Primary endpoint was safety (adverse events including immunogenicity); secondary endpoints were rate of bleeds requiring FXIII treatment, haemostatic response after one 35 IU/kg rFXIII-A(2) dose for breakthrough bleeds and withdrawals due to lack of rFXIII-A(2) efficacy. Steady-state pharmacokinetic variables were also summarized. Elective surgery was permitted during the treatment period. Sixty patients were exposed to rFXIII-A(2); their median age was 26.0 years (range: 7.0-77.0). rFXIII-A(2) was well tolerated without any safety concerns. No non-neutralizing or neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) against FXIII were detected. Mean annualized bleeding rate (ABR) was 0.043/patient-year. Mean spontaneous ABR was 0.011/patient-year. No patients withdrew due to lack of efficacy. Geometric mean FXIII trough levelwas 0.17 IU/mL. Geometric terminal half-life was 13.7 days. rFXIII-A(2) prophylaxis provided sufficient haemostatic coverage for 12 minor surgeries without the need for additional FXIII therapy; eight procedures were performed within 7 days of the patient's last scheduled rFXIII-A(2) dose, and four were performed 10 to 21 days after the last dose.Peer reviewe