Distributions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD mortality rates according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Japanese men and women.

<p>Distributions of CVD deaths and non-CVD deaths in men (A) and in women (B) were categorized according to eGFR in increments of 10 ml/min/1.73 m².</p

Risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and age category.

<p>Shown are age-adjusted (A and B) and multivariable-adjusted (C and D) hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for CVD death with categorization according to eGFR in increments of 10 ml/min/1.73 m² for subjects of all ages, non-elderly subjects, or elderly men (A and C) and women (B and D). Each hazard ratio was calculated relative to the subpopulation with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m². Adjusted factors for CVD death were age, body mass index, urinary protein concentration, blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive drugs, serum triglyceride concentration, serum high-density lipoprotein concentration, serum total cholesterol concentration, use of lipid-lowering drugs, blood glucose concentration, treatment for diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption.</p

Risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among subjects in CKD G3 category relative to those with eGFR ≥50 ml/min/1.73m².

<p>Risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among subjects in CKD G3 category relative to those with eGFR ≥50 ml/min/1.73m².</p

Age-adjusted mean values for patient characteristics at baseline year according to eGFR category.

<p>Age-adjusted mean values for patient characteristics at baseline year according to eGFR category.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of cause-specific death by study populations in Asia.

a<p>Number of deaths among ever-smokers/never-smokers are presented.</p>b<p>HRs estimated for ever-smokers compared with never-smokers and adjusted for age, education, rural/urban residence, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>c<p>HR not estimated because of small sample size.</p><p>CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of death from all causes in selected study populations in Asia.

a<p>Adjusted for age, education, rural/urban resident, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>b<p>Including data from mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, and Japan.</p>c<p>Including data from India and Bangladesh.</p

Smoking prevalence, population attributable risk, and number of deaths due to tobacco smoking in selected Asian populations.

<p>Estimates are provided for populations age 45 y or older.</p>a<p>Because of the small sample size in the current study for these populations, data for smoking prevalence rates were obtained from other sources: Bangladeshi men and women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Giovino1" target="_blank">[12]</a>, Taiwanese women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Liaw1" target="_blank">[19]</a>, and Korean women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Jee1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p>b<p>PARs were estimated using HRs derived from all South Asian cohorts combined because of unstable HR estimates using Bangladeshi data alone.</p>c<p>Mortality data for Taiwan were obtained from <a href="http://www.mohw.gov.tw/CHT/Ministry/Index.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.mohw.gov.tw/CHT/Ministry/Index.aspx</a>.</p>d<p>PARs were estimated using weighted HRs and smoking prevalence of the study populations.</p><p>Thus, the number of deaths attributable to smoking in these populations may not be equal to the sum of the numbers of deaths from the countries in the population areas. East Asia: mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, and Japan. South Asia: Bangladesh and India. All populations: all seven countries/regions listed above.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or respiratory diseases in major East Asian female populations.

a<p>Excluding participants with less than 1 y of follow-up.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, education, rural/urban resident, marital status, and body mass index.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>c<p>Excluding current smokers with missing information on pack-years of smoking.</p

Adiposity and risk of decline in glomerular filtration rate: meta-analysis of individual participant data in a global consortium

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the associations between adiposity measures (body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio) with decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and with all cause mortality. DESIGN:Individual participant data meta-analysis. SETTING:Cohorts from 40 countries with data collected between 1970 and 2017. PARTICIPANTS:Adults in 39 general population cohorts (n=5 459 014), of which 21 (n=594 496) had data on waist circumference; six cohorts with high cardiovascular risk (n=84 417); and 18 cohorts with chronic kidney disease (n=91 607). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:GFR decline (estimated GFR decline ≥40%, initiation of kidney replacement therapy or estimated GFR <10 mL/min/1.73 m2) and all cause mortality. RESULTS:Over a mean follow-up of eight years, 246 607 (5.6%) individuals in the general population cohorts had GFR decline (18 118 (0.4%) end stage kidney disease events) and 782 329 (14.7%) died. Adjusting for age, sex, race, and current smoking, the hazard ratios for GFR decline comparing body mass indices 30, 35, and 40 with body mass index 25 were 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.27), 1.69 (1.51 to 1.89), and 2.02 (1.80 to 2.27), respectively. Results were similar in all subgroups of estimated GFR. Associations weakened after adjustment for additional comorbidities, with respective hazard ratios of 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11), 1.28 (1.14 to 1.44), and 1.46 (1.28 to 1.67). The association between body mass index and death was J shaped, with the lowest risk at body mass index of 25. In the cohorts with high cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease (mean follow-up of six and four years, respectively), risk associations between higher body mass index and GFR decline were weaker than in the general population, and the association between body mass index and death was also J shaped, with the lowest risk between body mass index 25 and 30. In all cohort types, associations between higher waist circumference and higher waist-to-height ratio with GFR decline were similar to that of body mass index; however, increased risk of death was not associated with lower waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio, as was seen with body mass index. CONCLUSIONS:Elevated body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio are independent risk factors for GFR decline and death in individuals who have normal or reduced levels of estimated GFR