Can golfers choose low-risk routes in steep putting based on visual feedback of ball trajectory?

This study aims to clarify why the aiming method in golf putting in risky situations differs based on skill level. This study set up a difficult challenge (steep slopes and fast ball rolling greens), which required even professional golfers to change their aim. A total of 12 tour professionals and 12 intermediate amateurs were asked to perform a steep-slope task with no visual feedback of outcomes (no FB) followed by a task with visual feedback (with FB). The aim of the task was for the ball to enter the hole in one shot. Additionally, the participants were told that if the ball did not enter the hole, it was to at least stop as close to it as possible. The participant's aim (as an angle) and the kinematics of the putter head and ball were measured. The results indicated that professionals' highest ball trajectory points were significantly higher than that of amateurs, especially with FB. Additionally, professionals had higher ball-launch angles (the direction of the ball when the line connecting the ball and the center of the hole is 0 degrees) and lower peak putter head velocities than amateurs. Furthermore, the aim angle, indicating the golfer's decision-making, was higher for professionals under both conditions. However, even with FB, the amateurs' aim angles were lower and the difference between trials was smaller than that of professionals. Therefore, this study confirmed that the professionals made more drastic changes to their aim to find low-risk routes than the amateurs and that the amateurs’ ability to adjust their aim was lower than that of professionals. The results suggest that the reason for the amateurs' inability to find low-risk routes lies in their decision-making. The professionals found better routes; however, there were individual differences in their routes

A Study of Leadership Required for Young Researcher

The objective of this paper is to investigate the leadership of young researchers. In recent years, career formation support for young researchers is being developed. In this research, to support young researchers' various career options, interview was conducted to 15 active leaders across different fields and ages. We asked questions about 1) attitudes and behaviors necessary for leaders, 2) abilities that helped to take on the current leading position, and 3) ability required for young researchers. The responses from the interview can be summarized as "the necessary attitude and behavior", "the useful skill", and "the required condition." Among all these responses, common ideas such as "the mission and vision", "the humility", and "the foundation of inter-personal relationship" can be pointed out in this research

Autonomic nervous alterations associated with daily level of fatigue

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fatigue is a common symptom in both sick and healthy people. We examined autonomic nervous alterations associated with fatigue to clarify the mechanisms underlying fatigue.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study group consisted of 19 healthy participants who performed a 2-back test for 30 min as a fatigue-inducing mental task session. Before and after the session, they completed the advanced trail making test (ATMT) for 30 min for mental fatigue evaluation, subjective scales to measure fatigue sensation, and underwent electrocardiography to allow assessment of autonomic nerve activities.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After the fatigue-inducing task, the total error counts on the ATMT tended to increase (<it>P </it>= 0.076); the ATMT for total trial counts (<it>P </it>= 0.001), the subjective level of fatigue (<it>P </it>< 0.001), and the % low-frequency power (%LF) (<it>P </it>= 0.035) increased significantly; and the % high-frequency power (%HF) decreased compared with before the fatigue-inducing task although this did not reach the statistical significance (<it>P </it>= 0.170). Although LF measured in absolute units did not change significantly before and after the fatigue-inducing task (<it>P </it>= 0.771), and HF measured in absolute units decreased after the task (<it>P </it>= 0.020). The %LF and LF/HF ratio were positively associated with the daily level of fatigue evaluated using Chalder's fatigue scale. In addition, %HF was negatively associated with the fatigue score.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity may be characteristic features of both acute and daily levels of fatigue. Our findings provide new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying fatigue.</p

Glucose-lowering efficacy of Xultophy with low doses by FreeStyle Libre as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

The daily profile of blood glucose can be detected by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using FreeStyle Libre. The case was a 51-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for uncontrolled glucose variability as HbA1c 10.3%. During CGM measurement, diabetic treatment was changed from multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) to Xultophy (insulin degludec and liraglutide). Xultophy starting from 10 to 18 doses has brought the improvement of glucose variability, such as decreased pre-prandial glucose from 268 mg/dL to 101 mg/dL. Consequently, detailed data of glucose variability on Xultophy using CGM would be beneficial and become some reference for further clinical diabetic research

Curriculum Development to Promote the Ability to Live in Society-Social and Vocational Independence through a Special Support Class at Junior High School

グロール化が一層進行するこれからの社会において，将来の就労を含む生活に向けた生活力の育成を目指し，教科「職業・家庭」に新たに社会生活に関する内容を加味した，教科「キャリアマネジメント」を教育課程に位置づけ，カリキュラム開発を行っている。評価の４観とキャリア教育における４つの基礎的・汎用的能力を用いた評価によって生徒の変容を見取り授業評価を行うことで，カリキュラムについて検討した結果，生徒や保護者，教員に対して一定の効果があった。今後は，学習過程とそれによって身につく資質・能力について整理することが課題である。With the ongoing globalization in society, it is necessary to develop a new type of curriculum to prepare today's students for their future lives, especially their careers. TI1e curriculum developed in this study places an emphasis on vocation and home life, and it includes a new subject-Career Management-which deals with social life. The lessons in each unit for this subject were evaluated using reference criteria and in terms of four career abilities. From these results, adjustments were made to the lesson content, and the effect of the new curriculum was measured. The curriculum was found to be effective for students, their parents, and teachers. It will be necessary in a future study to examine ways of developing the associated learning process and assess its effects with regard to promoting competencies

トロロープ ト アイルランド 2 THE MACDERMOTS OF BALLYCLORAN ニ ミル カタリ ノ コウゾウ

The Macdermots of Ballycloran (1847) is the first novel written by Anthony Trollope (1815_82). An English outsider writes the story, but the tale of the Macdermots was first told to him by a Catholic Irishman. By transcribing the Irish tale, the English writer has control over the narrative of the Irish. These two viewpoints are an important element of the novel. In this paper, I will discuss how Trollope\u27s dual attitudes are represented in this novel. This is the story about the downfall of the family Macdermots. Trollope thinks that Ireland is misgoverned by England. His view is symbolized in the oppression of the poor by dishonest landlords and Ussher\u27s seduction of Feemy. Trollope compares the miserable life of the family to an Ireland that is unjustly treated by England. While Trollope sympathetically describes the miserable life of the family and indicates that some of the problems in Ireland are caused by England, he never approves of breaking the Union between Ireland and England and fixes the responsibility of problems to some extent upon the character of the Irish. Thus, the conflict between his sympathy for Ireland and his conservative view is shown in the story. As Trollope says in his Autobiography, he had lived a life full of misery and loneliness since his childhood. His life improved after he went to Ireland at the age of 26. He became an Englishman who knew Ireland well. Though he adapted himself to the Irish community, he remained an outsider because of his Englishness. Young Trollope\u27s miserable life and his ambiguous position are reflected in Thady Macdermot, the hero of the novel. He is a son of an Irish Catholic landlord though he practices a different religion than the other landlords. Though his family is as poor as his tenants, they are separated by the class system. Thady is deeply troubled by the attention given his sister Feemy by Captain Ussher, who is a Protestant and a police officer in the service of the English. While she waits for Ussher to elope with her, she faints. When Thady sees Ussher dragging the unconscious Feemy, he beats Ussher to death, believing that Ussher is abducting his sister against her will. Thady is convicted and publicly executed as a political assassin because the jury considers Thady\u27s act as premeditated murder with a political motive. On the day of his execution, no one appears at the scaffold and shops remain closed because Father John, a parish priest and other Catholic priests asked their parishioners to abstain. In this scene, Trollope\u27s sympathy toward Thady surpasses his own conservativism, and he fails to control his emotion because of his compassion for Thady. Trollope\u27s two diverse points of view are an essential component of himself, especially in his Irish novel

ANTHONY TROLLOPE ト アイルランド PHINEAS FINN ニオケル PHINEAS ノ キゾクセイ ト ヘイゴウ

This paper is chiefly concerned with Trollope\u27s view about what the Union should be. Phineas Finn is political novel written by Anthony Trollope (1815_1882) between 1866 and 1867, when the Second Reform Bill was being debated. England and Ireland have been inseparable at many times in their history. Ireland is also a significant place for Trollope. As Trollope says in his Autobiography, there was difficulty in obtaining reader\u27s sympathy for Irish heroes. Nevertheless, Trollope made his hero Irish. When the novel was written, the Fenians, a secret society striving for Irish independence, was active. As Dougherty points out, Trollope wrote Phineas Finn as a reaction against the Fenians. The Union has been depicted as an image of a marriage, and Trollope uses this metaphor in his novel. He compares the relationship between Phineas and the Liberal Party to a marriage. His relationship with the Party parallels the unfortunate marriages between Mr. and Lady Laura Kennedy and between England and Ireland, as well. In various marriages in the novel, Trollope tries to express his opinions on what England and Ireland should do to ensure the Union is successful. To gain the reader\u27s sympathy, Phineas is kept separate from negative stereotypes about the Irish. He is depicted as a gentleman and receives an exceptionally favorable response from his friends. His close connection with his friends suggests Ireland\u27s strong ties with England. Toward success as an MP, Phineas is requested to be obedient to the Party, should supporting the Party be against his own will. Who does not support the Party is associated with undesirable elements, such as Fenianism. Eventually, he votes against the Party due to his sense of belonging to Ireland, and resigns. Trollope feels sympathy with Phineas. So Phineas\u27s ex-colleagues give him a position with a salary of ￡1,000 a year and the novel eventually comes to a happyending. This ending shows that his link with England brings him happiness in his public and private lives. Trollope thus expresses his view that the Union is beneficial to the Irish. Trollope believes that it is disastrous for both England and Ireland to break the Union. This is shown in Laura\u27s marriage. Mr. Kennedy\u27s tyrannical attitude to his wife causes her rebellion, but he can never understand the reasons why she does not obey him. This is also true of the "marriage" between England and Ireland. Eventually, Laura leaves her husband, and their marriage ends in disastrous failure. Their consequence anticipates the dark future of the Union. Trollope feels that it is the husband\u27s attitude toward his wife that should be changed to make the Union successful. Violet\u27s marriage clearly contrasts with Laura\u27s. Her happy marriage is a desirable example of the Union. She exerts a positive influence upon Chiltern and he accepts her advice. As Trollope illustrates in her successful marriage, he wants Ireland to complement England as a wife does her husband. Phineas is accepted in London society. He can never become an insider in England because neither his first wife nor his second wife is English. The Irish thus can never become like the English in England. Trollope has a deep affection for Ireland. He never wants independence for Ireland and needs Ireland as acomplement to England. This indicates that Trollope wrote his novel from the English point of view

トロロープ ト アイルランド 3 CASTLE RICHMOND ニオケル フタツ ノ シテン オカダ アキコ キョウジュ タイニン キネンゴウ

Castle Richmond (1860) is a third Irish novel of Anthony Trollope (1815_82). It was begun in 1859 when he left Ireland where he had lived since 1841. The novel was written as he bade his affectionate farewell for Ireland. The story deals with the Potato Famine. Trollope firmly supported the policy of the British government during the famine both in Castle Richmond and in a series of his letters to the Examiner. As he was an English civil servant who affirms the Union between England and Ireland, it was natural that Trollope defends the government. In this paper, it will be discussed how both his affection for Ireland and his identity as an English official are represented in this novel. Trollope thinks that the famine is the remedy that God sent to solve problems in Ireland and that it ultimately bring prosperity to Ireland. This thought is shown in hardship of the Fitzgerald family by paralleling their problem with Ireland\u27s. While Trollope suggests that some of problems in Ireland are caused by England in the story of the Fitzgeralds, he never approve of breaking up the Union because he believes that the Union benefits Ireland. By representing the famine as providential, it enables him to lessen the responsibility of British government. So his view of the famine reflects his identity as an English public servant. Trollope vividly depicts the famine scenes to be true to Ireland, though he fails to identify himself with the suffering, starving Irish. The sights of famine victims expose the fault of the authorities and give the impression that the government\u27s response to the famine was inadequate. Thus, Trollope\u27s loyalty to Ireland interferes with his justification of England. His faithfulness to Ireland and English government is not compatible. In novel\u27s love plot, Trollope tries to show the benefit of maintaining the Union in marriage between Herbert Fitzgerald and Clara Desmond. So Clara must choose Herbert instead of Owen, her first love. Trollope describes Owen sympathetically in spite of his intention. The author\u27s sympathy for Owen made critics unsatisfied with Herbert\u27s marriage. Trollope\u27s sympathy with Ireland has great influence in this novel