Tipificación de perfiles de meteorización de rocas cristalinas al oriente de Bucaramanga y definición de propiedades hidrogeológicas

Las rocas al Este del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia), forman parte del Macizo de Santander el cual está constituido principalmente por rocas metamórficas, intruidas por diversos cuerpos ígneos, el conjunto rocoso ha sufrido deformación frágil y meteorización físicoquímica influenciada principalmente por el ambiente tropical de la zona, además el estado de fracturamiento ha generado condiciones que facilitan el flujo de agua y optimizar los procesos de meteorización en la región. Las rocas cristalinas de la zona presentan completa meteorización, se recurrió a la identificación y localización de perfiles de meteorización en campo realizando un estudio detallado de afloramientos, obteniéndose un espesor de 90,4 m para el perfil de meteorización de rocas Gnéisicas y 68,5 m en rocas Granodioríticas, definiéndose 6 segmentos de meteorización de los cuales se tomaron muestras de cada uno de ellos para llevar a cabo análisis macroscópicos, petrográficos y geoquímicos, mediante láminas delgadas, determinación del porcentaje de porosidad, humedad, fluorescencia de rayos X, microscopia electrónica de Barrido y Granulometría. Con base en la caracterización de los perfiles de meteorización y sus propiedades, sobresale el potencial hidrogeológico encontrado en el segmento denominado Intervalo II: Roca ligeramente meteorizada y el intervalo V: Roca completamente Meteorizada en el perfil de roca Granodiorítica y para el perfil de Roca Neísica, el Intervalo III: Roca moderadamente Meteorizada y el intervalo V: Roca Completamente meteorizada, ya que estos estadios de meteorización, presentan picos de humedad, micro fracturas regulares y altas porosidades.In the process of improving the knowledge of the hydrogeological potential of weathered zones in crystalline rocks and compounds that can behave as aquifers, this article is performed whose area of study is located east of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander Massif consists of two main lithological units; the Neis of Bucaramanga and Santander Group plutonic (diorite, granodiorite-tonalite gray quartz monzonite and monzogranite). These rocks have undergone brittle deformation, physico-chemical weathering mainly influenced by the tropical atmosphere of the area also are jointed and fractured creating conditions that facilitate the flow of water and in turn be optimized weathering processes in the region. He appealed to the identification and location of field weathering profiles made a detailed study of outcrops, presenting a thickness of 90.4 m for the profile of the Gneisic rock weathering and 68.5 m for the profile of granodiorite rock, made up 6 steps weathering of which samples each were taken and carry out macroscopic analysis, petrographic and geochemical using thin films, determining the percentage of porosity, humidity, dry unit weight, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy Sweeping and Grading; base characterizing weathering profiles and properties, highlighting the potential hydrogeological found in the Range II: Slightly weathered rock and interval V: Completely weathered rock profile of granodiorite rock and Rock Gneisic profile, the interval III : Moderately weathered rock and the range V: Completely weathered rock, since these stages of weathering, moisture peaks present, regular micro fractures and high porosities

Rationale, design, and progress of the ENhanced Control of Hypertension ANd Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) trial: An international multicenter 2×2 quasi-factorial randomized controlled trial of low- vs. standard-dose rt-PA and early intensive vs. g

© 2015 World Stroke Organization. Rationale: Controversy exists over the optimal dose of intravenous (iv) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and degree of blood pressure (BP) control in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Asian studies suggest low-dose (0·6mg/kg) is more efficacious than standard-dose (0·9mg/kg) iv rt-PA, and guidelines recommend reducing systolic BP to <185mmHg before and <180mmHg after use of iv rt-PA, despite observational studies indicating better outcomes at much lower (<140mmHg) systolic BP levels in this patient group. Aims: The study aims to assess in thrombolysis-eligible AIS patients whether: (i) low-dose (0·6mg/kg body weight; maximum 60mg) iv rt-PA has non-inferior efficacy and lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) compared to standard-dose (0·9mg/kg body weight; maximum 90mg) iv rt-PA; and (ii) early intensive BP lowering (systolic target 130-140mmHg) has superior efficacy and lower risk of any ICH compared to guideline-recomm

Rationale, design, and progress of the ENhanced Control of Hypertension ANd Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) trial: An international multicenter 2x2 quasi-factorial randomized controlled trial of low- vs. standard-dose rt-PA and early intensive vs. guideline-recommended blood pressure lowering in patients with acute ischaemic stroke eligible for thrombolysis treatment

Artículo de publicación ISIRationaleControversy exists over the optimal dose of intravenous (iv) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and degree of blood pressure (BP) control in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Asian studies suggest low-dose (06mg/kg) is more efficacious than standard-dose (09mg/kg) iv rt-PA, and guidelines recommend reducing systolic BP to <185mmHg before and <180mmHg after use of iv rt-PA, despite observational studies indicating better outcomes at much lower (<140mmHg) systolic BP levels in this patient group. AimsThe study aims to assess in thrombolysis-eligible AIS patients whether: (i) low-dose (06mg/kg body weight; maximum 60mg) iv rt-PA has non-inferior efficacy and lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) compared to standard-dose (09mg/kg body weight; maximum 90mg) iv rt-PA; and (ii) early intensive BP lowering (systolic target 130-140mmHg) has superior efficacy and lower risk of any ICH compared to guideline-recommended BP control (systolic target<180mmHg). DesignThe ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) trial is an independent,2x2 quasi-factorial, active-comparison, prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint (PROBE), clinical trial that is evaluating Arm [A] rt-PA dose' and/or Arm [B] BP control', using central Internet randomization and data collection in patients fulfilling local criteria for thrombolysis and clinician uncertainty over the study treatments. The treatment arms will be analyzed separately. Study outcomesThe primary study outcome in both trial Arms is death or disability according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS, scores 2-6) assessed at 90 days. Secondary outcomes include sICH, any ICH, a shift (improvement') in function across mRS scores, separately on death and disability, early neurological deterioration, recurrent major vascular events, health-related quality of life, length of hospital stay, need for permanent residential care, and health care costs. ResultsFollowing launch of the trial in February 2012, the study has recruited more than 2500 patients across a global network of approximately 100 sites in 15 countries. The required sample sizes are 3300 for Arm [A] and 2300 for Arm [B], which will provide >90% power to detect non-inferiority of low-dose iv rt-PA and superiority of intensive BP lowering on the primary clinical outcome, respectively. ConclusionsLow-dose iv rt-PA and early intensive BP lowering could provide more affordable and safer use of thrombolysis treatment for patients with AIS worldwide.National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia 1020462 Stroke Association of United Kingdom TSA 2012/01 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (CNPq) 467322/2014-