The undamped control for PWM rectifier based on LCL filter

LCL filter is applied in PWM rectifier with the better filtering effect. Its inductor also plays a role in inhibiting the current impact, which not only has a good dynamic performance, but also reduces the system cost. However, LCL filter can cause resonance in certain frequency that affects system performance, as well as the parameters of LCL filter are hard to design. With analysis on the theory and characters of the fixed switching frequency control strategy, an undamped control strategy of three-phase voltage PWM rectifier based on LCL filtering is proposed for the resonance of LCL filter. The delay of system and the fixed switching frequency are used to control the damp. PI regulator’s sampling time is adjusted to achieve the system stability. The structure of system is optimized by the design of simplified capacitance sensor. The simulation results show that this method has better dynamic performance, the current harmonic of grid side has reduced sharply, and the resonance of LCL filter has been inhibited effectively

Maximin projection learning for optimal treatment decision with heterogeneous individualized treatment effects

A salient feature of data from clinical trials and medical studies is inhomogeneity. Patients not only differ in baseline characteristics, but also in the way that they respond to treatment. Optimal individualized treatment regimes are developed to select effective treatments based on patient's heterogeneity. However, the optimal treatment regime might also vary for patients across different subgroups. We mainly consider patients’ heterogeneity caused by groupwise individualized treatment effects assuming the same marginal treatment effects for all groups. We propose a new maximin projection learning method for estimating a single treatment decision rule that works reliably for a group of future patients from a possibly new subpopulation. Based on estimated optimal treatment regimes for all subgroups, the proposed maximin treatment regime is obtained by solving a quadratically constrained linear programming problem, which can be efficiently computed by interior point methods. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are established. Numerical examples show the reliability of the methodology proposed

STREAMER WAVES DRIVEN BY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

Between July 5th and July 7th 2004, two intriguing fast coronal mass ejection(CME)-streamer interaction events were recorded by the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO). At the beginning of the events, the streamer was pushed aside from their equilibrium position upon the impact of the rapidly outgoing and expanding ejecta; then, the streamer structure, mainly the bright streamer belt, exhibited elegant large scale sinusoidal wavelike motions. The motions were apparently driven by the restoring magnetic forces resulting from the CME impingement, suggestive of magnetohydrodynamic kink mode propagating outwards along the plasma sheet of the streamer. The mode is supported collectively by the streamer-plasma sheet structure and is therefore named "streamer wave" in the present study. With the white light coronagraph data, we show that the streamer wave has a period of about 1 hour, a wavelength varying from 2 to 4 solar radii, an amplitude of about a few tens of solar radii, and a propagating phase speed in the range 300 to 500 km s$^{-1}$. We also find that there is a tendancy for the phase speed to decline with increasing heliocentric distance. These observations provide good examples of large scale wave phenomena carried by coronal structures, and have significance in developing seismological techniques for diagnosing plasma and magnetic parameters in the outer corona.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

ANALYSIS OF WOOD PORE CHARACTERISTICS WITH MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY AND X-RAY MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT The size and distribution of wood pores greatly influence its properties like density, thermal conductivity and permeability as well as acoustical property. Different techniques were developed to measure wood pore characteristic parameters. In this paper, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and X-ray Micro-computed tomography (μCT) were used to characterize pore characteristics of Populus L. woods. Pore size distribution and total porosity results were achieved. As for MIP measurement, the pore size of Populus L. woods ranged from 50 to 400 μm. The pore volume in the range of 313-2513.7 nm and 8-400 μm for 0.23 g.cm -3 sample was significantly larger than that of 0.40 g.cm -3 sample, but the pore volume in the range of 2513.7-7878 nm was less. And the pore distribution tendency for μCT measurement between 2.84~36.86 μm was similar with MIP. According to the results of μCT and intrusion-extrusion curves hysteresis regions of MIP, the existence of ink-bottle effect of MIP was confirmed. So the MIP measured pore-size distribution of micro-voids was larger than actual value

Elevated Expression of miR-19b Enhances CD8+ T Cell Function by Targeting PTEN in HIV Infected Long Term Non-progressors With Sustained Viral Suppression

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are of particular importance because of their unique disease progression characteristics. Defined by the maintenance of normal CD4+T cells after more than 8 years of infection, these LTNPs are heterogeneous. Some LTNPs exhibit ongoing viral production, while others do not and are able to control viral production. The underlying basis for this heterogeneity has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, the miRNA expression profiles of LTNPs were assessed. The levels of microRNA-19b (miR-19b) were found to be significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of LTNPs with lower rather than higher viral load. We made clear that miR-19b may regulate CD8+T cell functions in HIV infection, which has not been addressed before. Overexpression of miR-19b promoted CD8+T cell proliferation, as well as interferon-γ and granzyme B expression, while inhibiting CD8+T cells apoptosis induced by anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. The target of miR-19b was found to be the “phosphatase and tensin homolog”, which regulates CD8+T cells function during HIV infections. Furthermore, we found that miR-19b can directly inhibit viral production in in-vitro HIV infected T cells. These results highlight the importance of miR-19b to control viral levels, which facilitate an understanding of human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and provide potential targets for improved immune intervention