L’influence des réformes législatives sur le nombre de divorces : une analyse comparative

Cet article vise à mesurer l’incidence des nouvelles lois en matière de divorce adoptées au Canada et aux Pays-Bas vers les années ’70 sur le nombre actuel et futur des divorces.D’après les résultats de l’analyse effectuée sur la période de 1965 à 1978, deux effets peuvent être clairement distingués dans les deux pays :- une force accentuation de la fréquence du divorce et une précocité plus grande; il s’agit d’un changement durable dont la portée s’étend à une longue période;- un surcroît du nombre des divorces dans les premières années après l’adoption de la nouvelle loi; c’est un changement brusque du calendrier dans les promotions touchées par la loi

The impact of policies on the division of labour : a new approach

There are considerable differences between most European countries in respect both of the division of labour within families and the policies that seek to influence that division. These policies are based, implicitly or explicitly, on assumptions about what constitutes an effective policy measure. However, little is known about how to measure the effects of such policies on the division of labour. Moreover, the emergence of a supranational political entity, i.e. the European Union, requires a new approach to the evaluation of national policies. In this article, the authors put forward a theoretical framework to be used in an international study of the effects of policies on the division of paid and unpaid work in EU member states. This proposed framework will be empirically tested in a research project to be conducted in the next few years by members of a European network of social scientists who have been working together since 1995.division of labour;government policy;unpaid work;domestic work

Acoustic modeling of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles

Existing theoretical models do not adequately describe the scatter and attenuation properties of the ultrasound contrast agents Quantison(TM) and Myomap(TM). An adapted version of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, in which the shell is described by a viscoelastic solid, is proposed and validated for these agents and Albunex(®). The acoustic transmission and scattering are measured in the frequency band from 1-10 MHz. The measured transmission is used to estimate two parameters, the effective bulk modulus, K(eff) describing the elasticity, and the friction parameter, S(F), describing the viscosity of the shell. For the scattering, the difference between measurements and calculations is < 3 dB. For Quantison(TM), the effective bulk modulus is independent of the bubble diameter. For Albunex(®), it increases for decreasing bubble diameter. The nonlinear response of Quantison(TM) is minimal for acoustic pressures up to 200 kPa. For acoustic pressures above 200 kPa, the measured scattering abruptly increases. This increase reaches a level of 20 dB for an acoustic pressure of 1.8 MPa. This response cannot be predicted by the theoretical model developed in this article.Existing theoretical models do not adequately describe the scatter and attenuation properties of the ultrasound contrast agents QuantisonTM and MyomapTM. An adapted version of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, in which the shell is described by a viscoelastic solid, is proposed and validated for these agents and Albunex. The acoustic transmission and scattering are measured in the frequency band from 1-10 MHz. The measured transmission is used to estimate two parameters, the effective bulk modulus, Keff, describing the elasticity, and the friction parameter, SF, describing the viscosity of the shell. For the scattering, the difference between measurements and calculations is <3 dB. For QuantisonTM, the effective bulk modulus is independent of the bubble diameter. For Albunex, it increases for decreasing bubble diameter. The nonlinear response of QuantisonTM is minimal for acoustic pressures up to 200 kPa. For acoustic pressures above 200 kPa, the measured scattering abruptly increases. This increase reaches a level of 20 dB for an acoustic pressure of 1.8 MPa. This response cannot be predicted by the theoretical model developed in this article

Crop identification in the Netherlands by means of aerial false-colour film.

The technique gave valid results only for a specified area at a specified time of year. An identification table is given for the major crops in the polder areas of the Netherlands. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission

An international survey of six areas

This document describes legal problems and issues regarding the electronic highway in four countries: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, in order to answer the following research questions for each of the surveyed countries: What legal problems (regarding certain areas) have been experienced because of the electronic highway, and by whom? If any initiatives have been taken or are being taken to address these problems, what are they and who has initated them? If the problems have been or are being resolved by legislation, what are its rationale, objective and main elements? If any legislative initiatives have been withdrawn, which and why? What are considered to be the most important legal obstacles for the development of the information society? This report seeks to answer these questions by giving an assessment of the current situation in the surveyed countries in terms of the electronic superhighway

Analysis and considerations for economic security policy in the Netherlands

The analysis of this report is focused on those specific aspects of national security that relate to the protection of critical infrastructure, sectors and processes that are important for the sustainable functioning of [Dutch] society. Critical infrastructure, sectors and processes are focal areas when it comes to national security policy, in the Netherlands and beyond. This report addresses five research questions: How can national security be defined and what does the international literature suggest about its main components? What can be learned from the (academic) literature about the relation between the economy of a country and the various aspects of national security? Which factors, mechanisms and underlying causal mechanisms can be identified? What is the impact of contextual, country-specific characteristics and factors on this relationship? What do the answers to research questions 2) and 3) tell us about the factors and characteristics that have an impact on the interlinkages between the Dutch economy and its national security?How does the Netherlands perform with regard to these economic factors, which trends or developments can we identify, and what do they mean for the national security of the Netherlands? CONTENT: 1. Introduction and context 2. A historical perspective on definitions of national security 3. Interconnections between national security and the economy 4. The connections between economy and national security in the Netherlands 5. Conclusio

Eindrapport (tweede versie)

Verslag wordt gedaan van een internationaal vergelijkend onderzoek naar verschillende bestaande systemen van muziekauteursrechtelijke bescherming in vijf Europese landen. De volgende vragen komen aan de orde:Hoe worden in deze landen de vergoedingen voor muziekgebruik geind?Aan de hand van welke parameters worden de tarieven vastgesteld?Wat is de hoogte van deze tarieven?Hoe is het toezicht op de desbetreffende organisaties geregeld.In het onderdeel over Nederland komen de organisaties BUMA, STEMRA en SENA aan de orde

A state-of-the-art review

The NCTV (Nationaal Coördinator Terrorismebestrijding en Veiligheid – ‘National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism’) partners with government, science and business in order to both protect the Netherlands against threats that can disrupt society, and ensure that Dutch vital infrastructure is – and remains – safe. Digital transformation has reshaped our world and will continue to disrupt the status quo. While technology is a key driver for realising societal and economic benefits, it also brings about new security challenges. The government of the Netherlands, Dutch businesses, civil society and individuals currently face a range of prominent, emerging and resurgent cybersecurity risks and threats. As concluded in the Cyber Security Assessment Netherlands (CSAN) from the NCTV the country’s digital resilience continues to lag behind the growing cyber threat.RAND Europe examined the current state-of-the-art in cybersecurity. In this context, state-of-the-art refers to a snapshot overview of prominent risks, threats or policy issues in the field of cybersecurity, as well as issue areas that are perceived to be overlooked by the NCTV or the scientific community. The cybersecurity state-of-the-art review is divided into two phases:Phase 1 aims to perform an initial scan of the cybersecurity field in order to highlight prominent or underexposed issues that are perceived to warrant further attention from the NCTV;Phase 2 aims to investigate the research questions identified in Phase 1, and will be carried out through a separate study.The study only covers Phase 1 of this process. The overarching aim of this study is therefore to explore which current cybersecurity topics are relevant to be explored further through additional research in Phase 2. CONTENT: 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Key findings from the state-of-the-art review 4. Cybersecurity topics and research questions for the NCTV’s consideration 5. Concluding reflection

Een internationaal onderzoek naar het doorberekenen van handhavingskosten

Dit rapport geeft de uitgangspunten voor en de praktijk van het doorberekenen van handhavingskosten in verschillende west-europese landen weer, en poogt zodoende inzicht te verschaffen over de denk- en handelwijzen daaromtrent. De onderzochte beleidsterreinen zijn:de lozing van verontreinigende stoffen in het water;de toelating, de aanwezigheid en de exploitatie van speelautomaten;de toelating, het vergunningenstelsel en distributie van op recept verkrijgbare geneesmiddelen.De onderzochte landen zijn: Denemarken, Frankrijk, Duitsland en het Verenigd Koninkrijk