Investigation into the cause of spontaneous emulsification of a free steel droplet : validation of the chemical exchange pathway

Small Fe-based droplets have been heated to a molten phase suspended within a slag medium to replicate a partial environment within the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) has been used as a heating platform to interrogate the effect of impurities and their transfer across the metal/slag interface, on the emulsification of the droplet into the slag medium. The samples were then examined through X-ray computer tomography (XCT) giving the mapping of emulsion dispersion in 3D space, calculating the changing of interfacial area between the two materials, and changes of material volume due to material transfer between metal and slag. Null experiments to rule out thermal gradients being the cause of emulsification have been conducted as well as replication of the previously reported study by Assis et al.[1] which has given insights into the mechanism of emulsification. Finally chemical analysis was conducted to discover the transfer of oxygen to be the cause of emulsification, leading to a new study of a system with undergoing oxygen equilibration

Ionic liquids at electrified interfaces

Until recently, “room-temperature” (<100–150 °C) liquid-state electrochemistry was mostly electrochemistry of diluted electrolytes(1)–(4) where dissolved salt ions were surrounded by a considerable amount of solvent molecules. Highly concentrated liquid electrolytes were mostly considered in the narrow (albeit important) niche of high-temperature electrochemistry of molten inorganic salts(5-9) and in the even narrower niche of “first-generation” room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs (such as chloro-aluminates and alkylammonium nitrates).(10-14) The situation has changed dramatically in the 2000s after the discovery of new moisture- and temperature-stable RTILs.(15, 16) These days, the “later generation” RTILs attracted wide attention within the electrochemical community.(17-31) Indeed, RTILs, as a class of compounds, possess a unique combination of properties (high charge density, electrochemical stability, low/negligible volatility, tunable polarity, etc.) that make them very attractive substances from fundamental and application points of view.(32-38) Most importantly, they can mix with each other in “cocktails” of one’s choice to acquire the desired properties (e.g., wider temperature range of the liquid phase(39, 40)) and can serve as almost “universal” solvents.(37, 41, 42) It is worth noting here one of the advantages of RTILs as compared to their high-temperature molten salt (HTMS)(43) “sister-systems”.(44) In RTILs the dissolved molecules are not imbedded in a harsh high temperature environment which could be destructive for many classes of fragile (organic) molecules

Does Height Affect Labor Supply? Implications of Product Variety and Caloric Needs

The positive correlation between hourly wages and height, which results in higher labor supply of tall individuals, is well-documented in the literature. Accepting the utilitarian perspective and assuming that height does not affect utility implies that linking income taxes to height is welfare improving. This paper argues that height might not only affect an individual's income but also utility from consumption. Higher caloric needs of tall individuals should result in higher consumption expenditures for food to satisfy these needs. Size specific products should result in lower product variety for sizes where aggregate demand is low, typically sizes for individuals in the tails of the height distribution. Introducing these two channels into a household's maximization problem we derive a labor supply equation that allows for an empirical test for the relevance of these two channels. We use the German Socio-Economic Panel Study to estimate this labor supply equation. Caloric needs do not have a significant effect on labor supply. Product choice, on the other hand, does increase labor supply significantly. This implies that purely focusing on income might not be optimal under the utilitarian framework for tax analysis.Die positive Korrelation zwischen Stundenlöhnen und Körpergröße, welche in einem höheren Arbeitsangebot großer Individuen resultiert, ist in der einschlägigen Literatur hinreichend dokumentiert. Gegeben die utilitaristische Sichtweise und die Annahme, die Körpergröße habe keinen weiteren Einfluss auf den individuellen Nutzen, spräche dies für eine Ausrichtung der Einkommensteuer an der Körpergröße. In diesem Papier wird argumentiert, dass die Körpergröße jedoch nicht nur das Einkommen, sondern über weitere Kanäle auch den Nutzen eines Individuums beeinflusst. Ein höherer Kalorienverbrauch großer Individuen sollte in höheren Ausgaben für Nahrungsmittel resultieren. Größenspezifische Produkte sollten zu einer geringeren Produktauswahl für Größen mit geringerer Nachfrage führen, typischerweise für solche am Rand der Körpergrößenverteilung. Durch Einführung dieser beiden Kanäle in das Nutzenmaximierungskalkül von Haushalten leiten wir eine Arbeitsangebotsfunktion her, welche einen empirischen Test auf die Relevanz der beiden Kanäle erlaubt. Wir nutzen das Deutsche Sozioökonomische Panel, um die hergeleitete Arbeitsangebotsfunktion zu schätzen. Für Unterschiede beim Kalorienverbrauch finden wir keinen signifikanten Effekt auf das Arbeitsangebot. Eine höhere Produktauswahl steigert das Arbeitsangebot hingegen signifikant. Dies impliziert, dass im Rahmen der Steueranalyse nach utilitaristischer Sichtweise eine ausschließliche Fokussierung auf das Einkommen nicht optimal ist

Job Security Perceptions and the Saving Behavior of German Households

This paper investigates the co-movements of job security perceptions and household saving rates using data from the 1992 to 2010 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel. The empirical analysis reveals that higher job insecurity is generally accompanied by slightly lower saving which suggests that employment and financial insecurity typically go hand-in-hand. When confounding changes in the perception of financial security are controlled for, slight evidence for precautionary saving behavior is found. This behavior is of rather small economic importance and limited to households that are somewhat worried about their financial situation who increase their saving by about 0.3%-points or EUR 100 annually in the light of increased job insecurity. In contrast, no significant change in saving is observed for households that are either very concerned or not at all concerned about their financial situation, i.e., either financially constrained or in possession of a buffer-stock of wealth.Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen subjektiv wahrgenommener Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit und dem Sparverhalten deutscher Haushalte mit Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels für den Zeitraum der Jahre 1992 bis 2010. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass höher Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit typischerweise mit geringeren Sparquoten einhergeht. Beschäftigungsunsicherheit wird also zumeist von finanzieller Unsicherheit begleitet. Bei Berücksichtigung der finanziellen Situation ergeben sich Anzeichen für Vorsichtssparverhalten. Dieses Verhalten ist allerdings von eher geringer ökonomischer Bedeutung und ist auf Haushalte beschränkt, die etwas über ihre finanzielle Situation besorgt sind. Diese Haushalte erhöhen ihre Sparquote um 0,3 Prozentpunkte oder 100 Euro pro Jahr, wenn sie sich Sorgen um ihren Arbeitsplatz machen. Hingegen lässt sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit und Sparverhalten bei Haushalten finden, die hinsichtlich ihrer finanziellen Lage entweder sehr oder gar nicht besorgt sind, d.h. entweder durch ihr Einkommen restringiert sind oder bereits einen ausreichenden Vermögenspuffer besitzen

Plasmon transmissivity and reflectivity of narrow grooves in a silver film

Bouhelier A, Huser T, Freyland JM, Güntherodt HJ, Pohl DW. Plasmon transmissivity and reflectivity of narrow grooves in a silver film. Journal of Microscopy. 1999;194:571-573.Surface plasmon (SP) reflectivity and transmissivity of narrow grooves in silver films are studied. The SP source is the probe of a scanning near-field optical microscope. Locally detected leakage radiation from the SP provides detailed information on the paths of SP propagation, in particular the influence of perturbations, Global detection provides representative average data on the SP properties of a given metal film and its structures, A groove of 200 nm width, for instance, reflects/transmits about 15%/80% of 'blue-green' SP radiation at normal incidence

A combined confocal and scanning near-field optical microscope as an analysis tool in life sciences

Freyland JM, Eckert R, Huser T, Rodrigues-Herzog R, Heinzelmann H. A combined confocal and scanning near-field optical microscope as an analysis tool in life sciences. HELVETICA PHYSICA ACTA. 1998;71:19-20.We have designed a versatile optical microscope that allows quick identification of small interesting areas on large samples using confocal microscopy and subsequent high-resolution imaging by scanning near-field optical microscopy. First results on fluorescence-labeled mu-contact printed rabbit IgG are shown

Towards better scanning near-field optical microscopy probes - progress and new developments

Heinzelmann H, Freyland JM, Eckert R, et al. Towards better scanning near-field optical microscopy probes - progress and new developments. Journal of Microscopy. 1999;194:365-368.Several approaches are described with the aim of producing near-field optical probes with improved properties. Focused ion beam milling allows the fabrication of small apertures in a controlled fashion, resulting in probes with excellent polarization properties and increased transmission. Microfabrication processes are described that allow the production of apertures of 30-50 nm, facilitating the mass-fabrication of apertured tip structures that can be used in a combined force/near-field optical microscope. Finally, possible future developments are outlined