The relationship between the perception of distributed leadership in secondary schools and teachers' and teacher leaders' job satisfaction and organizational commitment

This study investigates the relation between distributed leadership, the cohesion of the leadership team, participative decision-making, context variables, and the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of teachers and teacher leaders. A questionnaire was administered to teachers and teacher leaders (n=1770) from 46 large secondary schools. Multiple regression analyses and path analyses revealed that the study variables explained significant variance in organizational commitment. The degree of explained variance for job satisfaction was considerably lower compared to organizational commitment. Most striking was that the cohesion of the leadership team and the amount of leadership support was strongly related to organizational commitment, and indirectly to job satisfaction. Decentralization of leadership functions was weakly related to organizational commitment and job satisfaction

One year in review 2021: Behcet's syndrome

This review aims to provide a critical digest of the recent studies that enhance our understanding of Behcet's syndrome by evaluating time trends, differences in disease course between men and women, and between patients with an early and late disease onset, progress in disease assessment, novel findings on immunopathogenesis and genetics, clinical features and differential diagnosis of eye, vascular, nervous system and gastrointestinal system involvement, and new data on treatment modalities including TNF-alpha, IL-17 and IL-6 inhibitors, tofacitinib, and apremilast, as well as surgical interventions

Comparative analysis of the association of HLA-B*51 suballeles with Behcet's disease in patients of German and Turkish origin

The distribution of the different HLA-B*51 suballeles among patients with Behcet's disease (BD) of German (n = 33) and Turkish (n = 92) origin in comparison to their presence in the respective ethnically matched healthy control groups (German: n=325, Turkish: n=93) was studied. HLA-B*51x was significantly increased in both patient groups in comparison to the controls (Germans: 58% vs. 12%, OR 9.76, P <0.001; Turkish: 75% vs. 25%, OR 9.13, P <0.001), Molecular subtyping of B*51x revealed HLA-B*51011 and B*5108 as the predominant suballeles in both patient groups and controls although with a slightly increased frequency of HLA-B*5108 in the diseased individuals. HLA-B*5105 was the only further HLA-B*51x subtype detected in one Turkish patient heterozygous also for HLA-B*5101. HLA-B*5107 although present in a Turkish as well as German control was absent in the patient groups. There was also a tendency towards a higher degree of homozygosity for HLA-B*51x in both patient groups versus the matched controls (Germans: 10% in patients vs. 2,5%. in controls; Turkish: 27% in patients vs. 13" in controls), Our study further supports previous hypothesis of an association of BD with B51 suballeles which share aminoacid residues at positions 63 and 67 as well as at positions 77-83 for specific peptide binding and natural killer (NK)-cell interactions. This applies to HLA-B*5101 and B*5108, but not to HLA-B*5107 different at position 67, which could be negatively associated with BD