6 research outputs found
Assessment of universal health coverage for adults aged 50 years or older with chronic illness in six middle-income countries
Objective To assess universal health coverage for adults aged 50 years or older with chronic illness in China, Ghana, India, Mexico;the Russian Federation and South Africa.
Methods We obtained data on 16 631 participants aged 50 years or older who had at least one diagnosed chronic condition from the World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. Access to basic chronic care and financial hardship were assessed and the influence of health insurance and rural or urban residence was determined by logistic regression analysis.
Findings The weighted proportion of participants with access to basic chronic care ranged from 20.6% in Mexico to 47.6% in South Africa. Access rates were unequally distributed and disadvantaged poor people, except in South Africa where primary health care is free to all. Rural residence did not affect access. The proportion with catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for the last outpatient visit ranged from 14.5% in China to 54.8% in Ghana. Financial hardship was more common among the poor in most countries but affected all income groups. Health insurance generally increased access to care but gave insufficient protection against financial hardship.
Conclusion No country provided access to basic chronic care for more than half of the participants with chronic illness. The poor were less likely to receive care and more likely to face financial hardship in most countries. However, inequity of access was not fully determined by the level of economic development or insurance coverage. Future health reforms should aim to improve service quality and increase democratic oversight of health care
Influence of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage in the incidence of cardiovascular disease in adults in Chile
Artículo de publicación ISISin acceso a texto complet
Mediation of the effect of childhood socioeconomic position by educational attainment on adult chronic disease in Chile
Objectives We estimated the roles of childhood socioeconomic
position (ChSEP) and education attainment on
chronic diseases in Chilean adults, mediated through
structural determinants and health behaviors, to identify
potential pro-equity interventions.
Methods We analyzed Chile’s longitudinal Social Protection
Surveys, a national sample of 14,788 adults with follow-
up to 2009. Controlled direct effects (CDE) and
natural effects (NDE and NIE) of ChSEP and education on
number of chronic diseases were estimated with negative
binomial models.
Results CDE of low ChSEP with education fixed at
12 years showed a 12% increase with 4% indirect effects.
CDEs at favorable levels of BMI, smoking, alcohol use,
and physical activity were similar. CDE estimates for
education adjusted for ChSEP were larger with negligible
mediation. CDEs for women were generally larger.
Conclusions Low ChSEP exerts a primarily direct effect on
later chronic disease, modestly mediated by education.
Education attainment showed larger direct effects with minimal mediation by behaviors. Strengthening current–
early child development and education policies, particularly
gender aspects, may reduce social inequalities and key
pathways for reducing chronic disease inequalities in Chile.Chile’s National Fund for
Health Research and Development (Fondo Nacional de Investigacio´n
y Desarrollo en Salud, FONIS. Grant no. SA13|20138
Comparison of health examination survey methods in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, England, Scotland, and the United States
Comparability of population surveys across countries is key to appraising trends in population health. Achieving this requires deep understanding of the methods used in these surveys to examine the extent to which the measurements are comparable. In this study, we obtained detailed protocols of 8 nationally representative surveys from 2007-2013 from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom (England and Scotland), and the United States-countries that that differ in economic and inequity indicators. Data were collected on sampling frame, sample selection procedures, recruitment, data collection methods, content of interview and examination modules, and measurement protocols. We also assessed their adherence to the World Health Organization's "STEPwise Approach to Surveillance" framework for population health surveys. The surveys, which included half a million participants, were highly comparable on sampling methodology, survey questions, and anthropometric measurements. Heterogeneity was found for physical activity questionnaires and biological samples collection. The common age range included by the surveys was adults aged 18-64 years. The methods used in these surveys were similar enough to enable comparative analyses of the data across the 7 countries. This comparability is crucial in assessing and comparing national and subgroup population health, and to assisting the transfer of research and policy knowledge across countries.Santander Research Catalyst Grant from UCL
NHS Digital to work on the Health Survey for England
National Institute on Aging
consortium of UK government departments
National Council on Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT)
217523
Research Office at the Universidad de los Andes
Colciencias
Chilean Ministry of Health
University College London - Santande
Políticas públicas
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