548 research outputs found
The Surprising Finding That Cultural Worldviews Don\u27t Explain People\u27s Views on Gun Control
The first direct double neutron star merger detection: implications for cosmic nucleosynthesis
The astrophysical r-process site where about half of the elements heavier
than iron are produced has been a puzzle for several decades. Here we discuss
the role of neutron star mergers (NSMs) in the light of the first direct
detection of such an event in both gravitational (GW) and electromagnetic (EM)
waves. We analyse bolometric and NIR lightcurves of the first detected double
neutron star merger and compare them to nuclear reaction network-based
macronova models. The slope of the bolometric lightcurve is consistent with the
radioactive decay of neutron star ejecta with (but not
larger), which provides strong evidence for an r-process origin of the
electromagnetic emission. This rules out in particular "nickel winds" as major
source of the emission. We find that the NIR lightcurves can be well fitted
either with or without lanthanide-rich ejecta. Our limits on the ejecta mass
together with estimated rates directly confirm earlier purely theoretical or
indirect observational conclusions that double neutron star mergers are indeed
a major site of cosmic nucleosynthesis. If the ejecta mass was {\em typical},
NSMs can easily produce {\em all} of the estimated Galactic r-process matter,
and --depending on the real rate-- potentially even more. This could be a hint
that the event ejected a particularly large amount of mass, maybe due to a
substantial difference between the component masses. This would be compatible
with the mass limits obtained from the GW-observation. The recent observations
suggests that NSMs are responsible for a broad range of r-process nuclei and
that they are at least a major, but likely the dominant r-process site in the
Universe.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures; accepted for A \&
The Surprising Finding That Cultural Worldviews Don\u27t Explain People\u27s Views on Gun Control
Lyapunov exponents in a Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev-type model with population imbalance in the conformal limit and beyond
The Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model shows chaotic behavior with a maximal
Lyapunov exponent. In this paper, we investigate the four-point function of a
SYK-type model numerically, which gives us access to its Lyapunov exponent. The
model consists of two sets of Majorana fermions, called A and B, and the
interactions are restricted to being exclusively pairwise between the two sets,
not within the sets. We find that the Lyapunov exponent is still maximal at
strong coupling. Furthermore, we show that even though the conformal dimensions
of the A and B fermions change with the population ratio, the Lyapunov exponent
remains constant, not just in the conformal limit where it is maximal, but also
in the intermediate and weak coupling regimes.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Comments welcom
Metallicity at the explosion sites of interacting transients
Context. Some circumstellar-interacting (CSI) supernovae (SNe) are produced
by the explosions of massive stars that have lost mass shortly before the SN
explosion. There is evidence that the precursors of some SNe IIn were luminous
blue variable (LBV) stars. For a small number of CSI SNe, outbursts have been
observed before the SN explosion. Eruptive events of massive stars are named as
SN impostors (SN IMs) and whether they herald a forthcoming SN or not is still
unclear. The large variety of observational properties of CSI SNe suggests the
existence of other progenitors, such as red supergiant (RSG) stars with
superwinds. Furthermore, the role of metallicity in the mass loss of CSI SN
progenitors is still largely unexplored. Aims. Our goal is to gain insight on
the nature of the progenitor stars of CSI SNe by studying their environments,
in particular the metallicity at their locations. Methods. We obtain
metallicity measurements at the location of 60 transients (including SNe IIn,
SNe Ibn, and SN IMs), via emission-line diagnostic on optical spectra obtained
at the Nordic Optical Telescope and through public archives. Metallicity values
from the literature complement our sample. We compare the metallicity
distributions among the different CSI SN subtypes and to those of other
core-collapse SN types. We also search for possible correlations between
metallicity and CSI SN observational properties. Results. We find that SN IMs
tend to occur in environments with lower metallicity than those of SNe IIn.
Among SNe IIn, SN IIn-L(1998S-like) SNe show higher metallicities, similar to
those of SNe IIL/P, whereas long-lasting SNe IIn (1988Z-like) show lower
metallicities, similar to those of SN IMs. The metallicity distribution of SNe
IIn can be reproduced by combining the metallicity distributions of SN IMs
(that may be produced by major outbursts of massive stars like LBVs) and SNe
IIP (produced by RSGs). The same applies to the distributions of the Normalized
Cumulative Rank (NCR) values, which quantifies the SN association to H II
regions. For SNe IIn, we find larger mass-loss rates and higher CSM velocities
at higher metallicities. The luminosity increment in the optical bands during
SN IM outbursts tend to be larger at higher metallicity, whereas the SN IM
quiescent optical luminosities tend to be lower. Conclusions. The difference in
metallicity between SNe IIn and SN IMs suggests that LBVs are only one of the
progenitor channels for SNe IIn, with 1988Z-like and 1998S-like SNe possibly
arising from LBVs and RSGs, respectively. Finally, even though linedriven winds
likely do not primarily drive the late mass-loss of CSI SN progenitors,
metallicity has some impact on the observational properties of these
transients. Key words. supernovae: general - stars: evolution - galaxies:
abundancesComment: Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics on 28/02/2015; submitted to
arXiv after the 1st referee repor
Probing gas and dust in the tidal tail of NGC 5221 with the type Ia supernova iPTF16abc
Context. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be used to address numerous
questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Due to their well known spectral and
photometric properties, SNe Ia are well suited to study gas and dust along the
lines-of-sight to the explosions. For example, narrow Na I D and Ca II H&K
absorption lines can be studied easily, because of the well-defined spectral
continuum of SNe Ia around these features. Aims. We study the gas and dust
along the line-of-sight to iPTF16abc, which occurred in an unusual location, in
a tidal arm, 80 kpc from centre of the galaxy NGC 5221. Methods. Using a
time-series of high-resolution spectra, we examine narrow Na I D and Ca II H&K
absorption features for variations in time, which would be indicative for
circumstellar (CS) matter. Furthermore, we take advantage of the well known
photometric properties of SNe Ia to determine reddening due to dust along the
line-of-sight. Results. From the lack of variations in Na I D and Ca II H&K, we
determine that none of the detected absorption features originate from the CS
medium of iPTF16abc. While the Na I D and Ca II H&K absorption is found to be
optically thick, a negligible amount of reddening points to a small column of
interstellar dust. Conclusions. We find that the gas along the line-of-sight to
iPTF16abc is typical of what might be found in the interstellar medium (ISM)
within a galaxy. It suggests that we are observing gas that has been tidally
stripped during an interaction of NGC 5221 with one of its neighbouring
galaxies in the past years. In the future, the gas clouds could
become the locations of star formation. On a longer time scale, the clouds
might diffuse, enriching the circum-galactic medium (CGM) with metals. The gas
profile along the line-of-sight should be useful for future studies of the
dynamics of the galaxy group containing NGC 5221.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Rapid "Turn-on" of type 1 AGN in a quiescent early type galaxy SDSS1115+0544
We present a detailed study of a transient in the center of SDSS1115+0544
based on the extensive UV, optical, mid-IR light curves (LC) and spectra over
1200 days. The host galaxy is a quiescent early type galaxy at = 0.0899
with a blackhole mass of . The transient underwent a 2.5
magnitude brightening over days, reaching a peak -band luminosity
(extinction corrected) of magnitude, then fading 0.5 magnitude over 200
days, settling into a plateau of days. Following the optical brightening
are the significant mid-IR flares at and m, with a peak time
delay of days. The mid-IR LCs are explained as the echo of UV photons
by a dust medium with a radius of cm, consistent with of 0.58 inferred from the spectra. This event is very energetic with an
extinction corrected erg s. Optical
spectra over 400 days in the plateau phase revealed newly formed broad
H emission with a FWHM of km s and narrow
coronal lines such as [Fe VII], [Ne V]. This flare also has a steeply rising UV
continuum, detected by multi-epoch data at to days post
optical peak. The broad Balmer lines and the UV continuum do not show
significant temporal variations. The slow evolving LCs over 1200 days, the
constant Balmer lines and UV continuum at late-times rule out TDE and SN IIn as
the physical model for this event. We propose that this event is a `turn-on'
AGN, transitioning from a quiescent state to a type 1 AGN with a sub-Eddington
accretion rate of /yr. This change occurred on a very short time
scale of days. The discovery of such a rapid `turn-on' AGN
poses challenges to accretion disk theories and may indicate such event is not
extremely rare.Comment: Comments are welcome. Emails to the first author. Accepted for
publication in Ap
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