Extracts and Essential Oils from Medicinal Plants and Their Neuroprotective Effect

Current therapies for neurodegenerative diseases offer only limited benefits to their clinical symptoms and do not prevent the degeneration of neuronal cells. Neurological diseases affect millions of people around the world, and the economic impact of treatment is high, given that health care resources are scarce. Thus, many therapeutic strategies to delay or prevent neurodegeneration have been the subject of research for treatment. One strategy for this is the use of herbal and essential oils of different species of medicinal plants because they have several bioactive compounds and phytochemicals with neuroprotective capacity. In addition, they respond positively to neurological disorders, such as dementia, oxidative stress, anxiety, cerebral ischemia, and oxidative toxicity, suggesting their use as complementary treatment agents in the treatment of neurological disorders

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Histological examination of jejunum specimens.

<p>For each group, 5 animals were used, and three H&E sections from each animal were analyzed. Representative samples from each OLM treatment group are shown with graphs summarizing the group's mean histopathological score . Images and data from the low, middle, and high OLM dose groups are shown in panels A–C; D–F; G–I respectively (micrograph key: <b>a</b>, villus height; <b>b</b>, reduction of villus; <b>c</b>, inflammatory infiltrate). Control group slides are shown in A, D, and G (upper left image in each group). MTX alone group slides are shown in panels B, E, and H(middle images). Note that the MTX alone rats' jejunum exhibited intestinal mucositis with loss of crypt architecture, severe villous epithelial atrophy, degeneration and shortening of the villus length, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the lamina propria. Damage in mucosa as intense inflammation and villous epithelial atrophy persisted in the MTX-OLM 0.5 mg/kg (C) and MTX-OLM 1 mg/kg (F) groups (# p>.05 <i>vs.</i> MTX). (I) Conversely, reduced inflammation, reepithelization with decreased vasodilatation, decreased cellular infiltration, and reduction of hemorrhagic areas, ulcerations, and abscesses were observed in the jejunum from animals treated with MTX-OLM 5 mg/kg for 3 d. Magnification 20×, scale bar  = 100 µm.</p

MTX and OLM effects on leukocyte density.

<p>MTX alone and MTX-OLM 5 mg/kg reduced leukocyte density (**<i>p</i><.001 and *** p<0.001, respectively <i>vs</i>. Negative control), indeed, the and MTX-OLM 5 mg/kg resulted in an even stronger reduction effect than MTX alone (##<i>p</i><.01 <i>vs</i>. MTX). OLM 5 mg/kg increased leukocyte density significantly (###<i>p</i><.001 <i>vs</i>. MTX).</p

Effect of OLM treatment on intestinal damage in rats.

<p>For each group, 5 animals were used, and three immunohistochemistry sections from each animal were analyzed. Representative samples from MTX-OLM 5 mg/Kg treatment group are shown with graphs summarizing the group's mean score, showing immunoreactivity to MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANK, RANK-L, and SOCs . Note that these effects were reversed (i.e. normalized) in the MTX- OLM 5 mg/kg group's jejunum . *<i>p</i><.05 vs MTX and ***<i>p</i><.001 negative control vs. MTX, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test.</p

IHC examination of jejunum specimens.

<p>For each antigen, three immunolabeled sections were analyzed per animal (N = 5/group). Generally, jejunum from MTX rats had greater MMP-2 (A–C), MMP-9 (D–F) and COX-2 (G–I) immunoreactivity. Magnification 40×, scale bar  = 100 µm.</p

IHC examination of jejunum specimens.

<p>For each antigen, three immunolabeled sections were analyzed per animal (N = 5/group). Generally, jejunum from MTX rats had greater RANK (A–C), and RANK-L (D–F) immunoreactivity and reduced SOCs (G–I) immunoreactivity. Magnification 40×, scale bar  = 100 µm.</p

OLM opposes MTX influence on cytokines.

<p>MTX elevated levels of IL-1β (***p<0.001) and TNF-α (**p<0.01), while reducing IL-10 levels(***p<0.001) than the Negative control. OLM had dose-dependent MTX-countering effects on IL-1β (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg ##p<0.01 and 5 mg/kg ### p<0.001) and TNF-α (1 mg/kg #p<0.05 and 5 mg/kg ## p<0.01), but only OLM 5 mg/kg a significant MTX-countering effect on IL-10 levels (#<i>p</i><0.05). Segments of duodenum, jejunum and ileum/Duplicate Experiments.</p