Study of 50 cases of carcinoma of the lung: from the point of view of early diagnosis

Fifty cases of primary carcinoma of the lung have been described and it has been found that:1. Carcinoma of the lung occurred practically always in people over 40.2. It was 7 times as common in males as in females.3. In 22 per cent of cases it occurred in people who had had a cough for a number of years.4. Pleural effusion appeared in 12 per cent of the cases.5. Clubbing of the fingers occurred in 22 per cent of the cases and it appears probable that carcinoma of the lung alone can cause it.6. The symptoms of greatest importance for diagnosis were cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, pain in the chest and loss of weight. They occurred fairly early in most of the cases.7. The physical signs of greatest importance for diagnosis were those suggesting collapse of lung tissue, by the time these were present the disease was too advanced for surgery to be successful.8. Examination of the sputum for carcinoma cells was a very valuable aid in diagnosis and it deserves to be used more than it is at present.9. The radiographical appearance of collapse of lung tissue is very suggestive of carcinoma of the lung Eby the time this was apparent in the radiograms the disease was too advanced for surgery to be successful.10. Bronchoscopy was the most valuable method of diagnosis. It revealed the exact site of the growth which is important when the possibility of pneumonectomy is being considered. It also furnished conclusive proof of the nature of the growth. It should be done at the earliest possible moment whenever the symptoms are at all suspicious of carcinoma of the lung. If this is done there is hope that we will be able to diagnose the condition at an early stage more frequently. It is the duty of all medical practitioners to send cases at the earliest possible moment.11. The Sedimentation rate was considerably raised in every case except one in which it was estimated but it is not of great value in diagnosis because of the large number of diseases which can cause a raised blood sedimentation rate.12. None of the cases in this series was cured. The only hope of cure at present lies in early diagnosis. We can only hope to diagnose the minority of cases early enough for surgery to be successful. One of the difficulties is that patients often ignore symptoms for a long time before seeking medical advice and this can only be partly overcome by warning the public of the danger of neglecting them. A certain number of cases do come to us soon after the development of symptoms and we must be prepared to call in the aid of the radiologist, pathologist and bronchoscopist when we hear suspicious symptoms in spite of the fact that there are no abnormal physical signs. Every patient over the age of 40 with a cough which does not improve with treatment after a week or so should be subjected to the routine accessory methods of diagnosis. If this is done we would discover more cases at a stage in which surgery would be successful

The Hidden Spatial Geometry of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

The Gauss law constraint in the Hamiltonian form of the $SU(2)$ gauge theory of gluons is satisfied by any functional of the gauge invariant tensor variable $\phi^{ij} = B^{ia} B^{ja}$. Arguments are given that the tensor $G_{ij} = (\phi^{-1})_{ij}\,\det B$ is a more appropriate variable. When the Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of $\phi$ or $G$, the quantity $\Gamma^i_{jk}$ appears. The gauge field Bianchi and Ricci identities yield a set of partial differential equations for $\Gamma$ in terms of $G$. One can show that $\Gamma$ is a metric-compatible connection for $G$ with torsion, and that the curvature tensor of $\Gamma$ is that of an Einstein space. A curious 3-dimensional spatial geometry thus underlies the gauge-invariant configuration space of the theory, although the Hamiltonian is not invariant under spatial coordinate transformations. Spatial derivative terms in the energy density are singular when $\det G=\det B=0$. These singularities are the analogue of the centrifugal barrier of quantum mechanics, and physical wave-functionals are forced to vanish in a certain manner near $\det B=0$. It is argued that such barriers are an inevitable result of the projection on the gauge-invariant subspace of the Hilbert space, and that the barriers are a conspicuous way in which non-abelian gauge theories differ from scalar field theories.Comment: 19 pages, TeX, CTP #223

Tidally Triggered Star Formation in Close Pairs of Galaxies: Major and Minor Interactions

We study star formation in a sample of 345 galaxies in 167 pairs and compact groups drawn from the original CfA2 Redshift Survey and from a follow-up search for companions. We construct our sample with attention to including pairs with luminosity contrast |\Delta m_R| >= 2. These 57 galaxies with |\Delta m_R| >= 2 provide a set of nearby representative cases of minor interactions, a central feature of the hierarchical galaxy formation model. Here we report the redshifts and positions of the 345 galaxies in our sample, and of 136 galaxies in apparent pairs that are superpositions. In the pairs sample as a whole, there are strong correlations between the equivalent width of the H\alpha emission line and the projected spatial and the line-of-sight velocity separation of the pair. For pairs of small luminosity contrast, |\Delta m_R| < 2, the member galaxies show a correlation between the equivalent width of H\alpha and the projected spatial separation of the pair. However, for pairs with large luminosity contrast, |\Delta m_R| >= 2, we detect no correlation between the equivalent width of H\alpha and the projected spatial separation. The relative luminosity of the companion galaxy is more important in a gravitational tidal interaction than the intrinsic luminosity of the galaxy. Central star formation across the entire pairs sample depends strongly on the luminosity ratio, |\Delta m_R|, a reasonable proxy for the mass ratio of the pair; pairs composed of similarly luminous galaxies produce the strongest bursts of star formation. Pairs with |\Delta m_R| >= 2 rarely have EW(H\alpha) >~ 70 Ang.Comment: Minor revisions following journal proof

Three-Form Flux with N=2 Supersymmetry on AdS_5 x S^5

In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence the general form of a three-form flux perturbation to the AdS_5 x S^5 solution in the type IIB supergravity which preserves N=2 supersymmetry is obtained. The arbitrary holomorphic function appearing in the N=1 case studied by Grana and Polchinski is restricted to a quadratic function of the coordinates transverse to the D3-branes.Comment: 11 pages, LaTe

Three flavour Quark matter in chiral colour dielectric model

We investigate the properties of quark matter at finite density and temperature using the nonlinear chiral extension of Colour Dielectric Model (CCM). Assuming that the square of the meson fields devlop non- zero vacuum expectation value, the thermodynamic potential for interacting three flavour matter has been calculated. It is found that $$and$$ remain zero in the medium whereas $$ changes in the medium. As a result, $u$ and $d$ quark masses decrease monotonically as the temperature and density of the quark matter is increased.In the present model, the deconfinement density and temperature is found to be lower compared to lattice results. We also study the behaviour of pressure and energy density above critical temperature.Comment: Latex file. 5 figures available on request. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Low-Energy Theorems for QCD at Finite Temperature and Chemical Potential

The low-energy theorems for QCD are generalized to finite temperature. and chemical potential, including non-zero quark masses.Comment: 6 pages late

(η6-Benzene)(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)chloridoruthenium(II) chloride methanol sesquisolvate

In the title compound, [RuCl(C6H6)(C10H8N2)]Cl·1.5CH4O, the RuII atom is in a distorted octa­hedral environment coordinated by an η6-benzene ring, a chelating 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and a chloride ion. The asymmetric unit is completed by a chloride anion and two methanol mol­ecules, one of which is disordered about a centre of inversion with an occupancy of 0.5. It is an example of a ruthenium complex with a less sterically congested environment than in similar derivatives. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, together with π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances of 3.472Å(2) Å], stabilize the structure