Despite A Very High Income, Chapter 7 Debtor’s May Succeed

(Excerpt) Section 707 of the Bankruptcy Code governs when a court may dismiss a chapter 7 bankruptcy case. Under section 707(a), a court may dismiss a chapter 7 case “for cause.” In 2005, Congress enacted the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (“BAPCPA”) and amended section 707(b) to include the so-called “means test,” which provides a formula for determining whether “cause” exists to dismiss (or convert with the debtor’s consent) the debtor’s case. Courts split as to whether this amendment to section 707(b) permits a court to consider the debtor’s income when deciding whether to dismiss the debtor’s chapter 7 bankruptcy case under section 707(a). On one hand, the minority view, relying on Congressional intent, has held that a debtor’s ability to discharge debts with future income is irrelevant when determining a motion to dismiss under section 707(a). On the other hand, the majority of courts have that held that courts may consider a debtor’s income level and ability to repay creditors when determining a motion to dismiss under section 707(a), but those factors are not dispositive. Practically, this split may not be meaningful for a high-income debtor, who will likely file under chapter 7 if such debtor can pass the means test, because the debtor’s income and ability to repay will, at most, be one of many factors a court considers. Therefore, this split may not be very significant for high-income debtors

Human Body Form: What Does It Mean?

Research in the field of somatology related to the fit of apparel has focused on the current apparel manufacturing process flow. In the current system, three dimensional (3D) body form is converted to one dimensional (1D) sizes and two dimensional (2D) shapes in order to utilize shaping methodology in the conversion of 2D fabrics into a 3D garment that fit the 3D human body form

The Functions And Values Of Fringing Salt Marshes In Northern New England, USA

Although large salt marshes of the northeastern United States have been studied extensively, very little is known about the smaller, fringing marshes in this area, despite the fact that they are a common habitat type. We compared the functions and values of five fringing salt marshes (FM) to those of five meadow marshes (MM) along the southern Maine/New Hampshire coast. Specifically we compared their primary production, soil organic matter content, plant diversity, sediment trapping ability and wave dampening properties. Also explored were the relationships between these functions and several physical characteristics at each site, including soil salinity, percent surface slope, elevation and size. The results of this study indicate that despite their small size, fringing salt marshes are valuable components of estuaries, performing many ecological functions to the same degree as nearby meadow marshes. More effort should be made to include them in regional efforts to conserve and restore coastal habitats

Food habits of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) off the coast of New England

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Fishery Bulletin 107 (2009): 384–394.Although the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) is one of the most common dolphins off New England, little has been documented about its diet in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Current federal protection of marine mammals limits the supply of animals for investigation to those incidentally caught in the nets of commercial fishermen with observers aboard. Stomachs of 62 L. acutus were examined; of these 62 individuals, 28 of them were caught by net and 34 were animals stranded on Cape Cod. Most of the net-caught L. acutus were from the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine. A single stomach was from the continental slope south of Georges Bank. At least twenty-six fish species and three cephalopod species were eaten. The predominant prey were silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), spoonarm octopus (Bathypolypus bairdii), and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). The stomach from a net-caught L. acutus on the continental slope contained 7750 otoliths of the Madeira lanternfish (Ceratoscopelus maderensis). Sand lances (Ammodytes spp.) were the most abundant (541 otoliths) species in the stomachs of stranded L. acutus. Seasonal variation in diet was indicated; pelagic Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was the most important prey in summer, but was rare in winter. The average length of fish prey was approximately 200 mm, and the average mantle length of cephalopod prey was approximately 50 mm

The Morphological Effects of Two Antimicrobial Peptides, Hecate-1 and Melittin, on Escherichia Coli

The effects of the 26 amino acid, cationic, amphipathic, antibacterial peptide melittin and hecate-1, a 23 amino acid analog of it, on the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron micros-copy (TEM), and freeze-fracture. Both peptides killed virtually all bacteria at the peptide concentration and cell density used. TEM and SEM revealed aggregates of bacteria entangled with material extruded from the bacterial surfaces. SEM revealed irregular bacterial surfaces with bleb-like projections. TEM and freeze-fracture indicate that the bacterial inner and outer membranes, as well as the peptidoglycan layer between, were extensively damaged. The cytoplasmic contents of the cells, however, did not appear radically disturbed, providing little evidence for osmotically induced cytolysis

Documents of Court Gifts Collected by Johann von Besser (1654-1729)

Appendix (pp. 121-73) translated from the German by Nicola Imrie, from the French by Pamela J. Warner, and from the Latin by Frederick J. McGuinness