Members of the NF-kappaB family expressed in zones of active neurogenesis in the postnatal and adult mouse brain

The ReL/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors is implicated in cell proliferation, cell death, cell migration and cell interactions. Here, we examined by immunohistochemistry the expression pattern of various members of this family during postnatal telencephalon development and during adulthood, and we used neuronal and glial markers to identify the cells types where they are expressed. Distinct Rel/NF-kappaB proteins are highly expressed postnatally in the subventricular zone and in the rostral migratory stream. In particular, Rel A and p50 are expressed in radial glial cells, in migrating neuron precursors and in a population belonging to the astrocytic lineage. Rel B, on the other hand, is only expressed in migrating neuron precursors, whereas c-Rel is present in a few cells located at the edges of the rostral migratory stream. The expression of Rel A and p50 persists into adulthood, particularly in subventricular zone astrocyte-like cells and in migrating neuron precursors, respectively. The selective expression of NF-kappaB members in the postnatal subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream and their persistence into adulthood in regions of ongoing neurogenesis suggests possible mechanisms linking NF-kappaB expression with cell proliferation and migration. Their presence in actively proliferating progenitor cells, detected by BrdU staining, further suggests that NF-kappaB may be part of a signaling pathway that is important for neurogenesis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Bilateral Cavitations of Ganglionic Eminence: A Fetal MR Imaging Sign of Halted Brain Development

SUMMARY: Ganglionic eminence is the main transitory proliferative structure of the ventral telencephalon in human fetal brain and it contributes for at least 35% to the population of cortical interneurons; however data on the human GE anomalies are scarce. We report 5 fetal MR imaging observations with bilateral symmetric cavitations in their GE regions resembling an inverted open C shape and separating the GE itself form the deeper parenchyma. Imaging, neuropathology, and follow-up features suggested a malformative origin. All cases had in common characteristics of lissencephaly with agenesis or severe hypoplasia of corpus callosum of probable different genetic basis. From our preliminary observation, it seems that GE cavitations are part of conditions which are also accompanied by severe cerebral structure derangement

A revised day +7 predictive score for transplant-related mortality: serum cholinesterase, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, γ glutamyl transferase, donor type and cell dose

n/

Reflections on the CLIVAR Early Career Scientists Symposium 2016

We present a summary report of the CLIVAR Early Career Scientists Symposium, a three-day event associated with the CLIVAR Open Science Conference held in Qingdao, China during September 2016. The Symposium aimed to capture the ideas of early career researchers on pressing science priorities, imminent challenges, and emerging opportunities to help guide the future evolution of CLIVAR. We identified the need for improving process-based understanding and predictability of regional climate variability and change, moving toward seamless predictions, and improving and expanding global observations. We emphasize the need for increasingly open science, including universal access to data, code, and publications as well as opportunities for international cooperation and exchange. As the next generation of climate scientists, we are dedicated to overcome the challenges outlined in this summary and are looking forward to advancing CLIVAR???s mission and activities

Radiological Features of Male Breast Neoplasms: How to Improve the Management of a Rare Disease

The primary aim of our study was to assess the main mammographic and ultrasonographic features of invasive male breast malignancies. The secondary aim was to evaluate whether a specific radiological presentation would be associated with a worse receptor profile. Radiological images (mammography and/or ultrasound) of all patients who underwent surgery for male invasive breast cancer in our institution between 2008 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed by two breast radiologists in consensus. All significant features of radiological presentation known in the literature were re-evaluated. Fifty-six patients were selected. The mean age at surgery of patients was 69 years (range: 35-81); in 82% of cases (46 patients), the histologic outcome was invasive ductal carcinoma. A total of 28 out of 56 (50%) patients had preoperative mammography; in 9/28 cases (32%), we found a mass with microcalcifications on mammography. The mass presented high density in 25 out of 28 patients (89%); the mass showed irregular margins in 15/28 (54%) cases. A total of 46 out of 56 patients had preoperative ultrasounds. The lesion showed a solid mass in 41/46 (89%) cases. In 5/46 patients (11%), the lesion was a mass with a mixed (partly liquid-partly solid) structure. We did not find any statistically significant correlation between major types of radiological presentation and tumor receptor arrangement. Knowledge of the main radiologic presentation patterns of malignant male breast neoplasm can help better manage this type of disease, which is rare but whose incidence is increasing

Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Lobular In Situ Neoplasm: High-Risk Lesions Challenging Breast Cancer Prevention

Simple Summary This retrospective study investigates histopathological outcomes, upgrade rates, and disease-free survival (DFS) in high-risk breast lesions, including atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH or DIN1b) and lobular in situ neoplasms (LIN 1 and 2), following Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy (VABB) and surgical excision. Focusing on 320 patients who underwent stereotactic VABB, with 246 individuals diagnosed with ADH (120) or LIN (126), the study addresses the challenge posed by these lesions due to their association with synchronous or adjacent Breast Cancer (BC) and increased future BC risk. The study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the evolving role of VABB, and emphasizes the need for careful follow-up, particularly for lobular lesions. It offers valuable insights for clinicians navigating the complex landscape of high-risk breast lesions, advocating for heightened awareness and vigilance in managing these lesions and contributing to the ongoing refinement of clinical strategies in BC care.Abstract This retrospective study investigates the histopathological outcomes, upgrade rates, and disease-free survival (DFS) of high-risk breast lesions, including atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH or DIN1b) and lobular in situ neoplasms (LIN), following Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy (VABB) and surgical excision. The study addresses the challenge posed by these lesions due to their association with synchronous or adjacent Breast Cancer (BC) and increased future BC risk. The research, comprising 320 patients who underwent stereotactic VABB, focuses on 246 individuals with a diagnosis of ADH (120) or LIN (126) observed at follow-up. Pathological assessments, categorized by the UK B-coding system, were conducted, and biopsy samples were compared with corresponding excision specimens to determine upgrade rates for in situ or invasive carcinoma. Surgical excision was consistently performed for diagnosed ADH or LIN. Finally, patient follow-ups were assessed and compared between LIN and ADH groups to identify recurrence signs, defined as histologically confirmed breast lesions on either the same or opposite side. The results reveal that 176 (71.5%) patients showed no upgrade post-surgery, with ADH exhibiting a higher upgrade rate to in situ pathology than LIN1 (Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia, ALH)/LIN2 (Low-Grade Lobular in situ Carcinoma, LCIS) (38% vs. 20%, respectively, p-value = 0.002). Considering only patients without upgrade, DFS at 10 years was 77%, 64%, and 72% for ADH, LIN1, and LIN2 patients, respectively (p-value = 0.92). The study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, recognizing the evolving role of VABB. It emphasizes the need for careful follow-up, particularly for lobular lesions, offering valuable insights for clinicians navigating the complex landscape of high-risk breast lesions. The findings advocate for heightened awareness and vigilance in managing these lesions, contributing to the ongoing refinement of clinical strategies in BC care

Validation of the ONKOTEV Risk Prediction Model for Venous Thromboembolism in Outpatients With Cancer

Importance: The assessment of the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among outpatients with cancer represents an unsolved topic. Current international guidelines recommend primary prophylaxis for patients at intermediate to high risk of VTE, indicated by a Khorana score of 2 or more. A previous prospective study developed the ONKOTEV score, a 4-variable risk assessment model (RAM) consisting of a Khorana score of more than 2, metastatic disease, vascular or lymphatic compression, and previous VTE event. Objective: To validate the ONKOTEV score as a novel RAM to assess the risk of VTE among outpatients with cancer. Design, setting, and participants: ONKOTEV-2 is a noninterventional prognostic study conducted in 3 European centers located in Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom among a prospective cohort of 425 ambulatory patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a solid tumor who were receiving active treatments. The total study duration was 52 months, with an accrual period of 28 months (from May 1, 2015, to September 30, 2017) and an overall follow up-period of 24 months (data were censored September 30, 2019). Statistical analysis was performed in October 2019. Exposures: The ONKOTEV score was calculated for each patient at baseline by collecting clinical, laboratory, and imaging data from tests performed for routine practice. Each patient was then observed to detect any thromboembolic event throughout the study period. Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of VTE, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Results: A total of 425 patients (242 women [56.9%]; median age, 61 years [range, 20-92 years]) were included in the validation cohort of the study. The cumulative incidences for the risk of developing VTE at 6 months were 2.6% (95% CI, 0.7%-6.9%), 9.1% (95% CI, 5.8%-13.2%), 32.3% (95% CI, 21.0%-44.1%), and 19.3% (95% CI, 2.5%-48.0%), respectively, among 425 patients with an ONKOTEV score of 0, 1, 2, and greater than 2 (P < .001). The time-dependent area under the curve at 3, 6, and 12 months was 70.1% (95% CI, 62.1%-78.7%), 72.9% (95% CI, 65.6%-79.1%), and 72.2% (95% CI, 65.2%-77.3%), respectively. Conclusions and relevance: This study suggests that, because the ONKOTEV score has been validated in this independent study population as a novel predictive RAM for cancer-associated thrombosis, it can be adopted into practice and into clinical interventional trials as a decision-making tool for primary prophylaxis