Lebensstile und Delinquenz von Jugendlichen : eine empirische Untersuchung in der Stadt Zürich

Drei Forschungsziele bilden die Grundlage der vorliegenden empirischen Untersuchung: Erstes Ziel ist die Erfassung von Jugenddelinquenz und deren Verbreitung in der Stadt Zürich, zweitens sollen Lebensstile und ihr Zusammenhang mit delinquentem Verhalten von Jugendlichen ermittelt werden. Drittes Ziel ist die Ermittlung eines empirischen Beleges für die bessere Leistung des Lebensstilkonzeptes gegenüber herkömmlichen Schicht- und Klassenmodellen zur Vorhersage von jugendlicher Delinquenz. Datenbasis bildet eine repräsentative Befragung von Schülerinnen und Schülern im Alter von 15 Jahren in der Stadt Zürich. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen deutlichen Zusammenhang von Lebensstilen, definiert über Indikatoren der sozialen Lage, des Verhaltens sowie der Einstellungen, und delinquentem Verhalten von Jugendlichen. Verhaltensmuster, welche durch relativ hohen Suchtmittelkonsum und durch Freizeitaktivitäten der Geselligkeit und Unterhaltung gekennzeichnet sind, stellen die stärksten Prädiktoren für Eigentums- und Gewaltdelinquenz dar. Demgegenüber sind Muster der Einstellungen leicht weniger ausschlaggebend für die Voraussage von Jugenddelinquenz. Durch Lebensstile können somit Lebensweisen beschrieben werden, welche mit einem hohen bzw. niedrigen Mass an delinquenten Handlungen einhergehen. Ein weiterer Erkenntnisgewinn für die Deutung von Jugenddelinquenz wird durch den Einbezug von Lebensstilmerkmalen als horizontale Differenzierungskriterien in Ergänzung zu den herkömmlichen, vertikalen Schichtungsvariablen erzielt. Insofern trägt die vorliegende Studie dazu bei, Jugenddelinquenz durch Lebensstile verständlicher zu machen. The present empirical research is based on three research objectives. A first objective is the examination of adolescent delinquency and its prevalence in the city of Zurich; secondly, life-styles and their correlation with delinquent behaviour of adolescents are to be explored. A third objective is the collection of empirical evidence to show that the concept of life-styles predicts adolescent delinquency better than traditional models of class and social stratification. The database is composed of a representative survey of 15-year-old students from the city of Zurich. The results show a clear correlation between delinquent behaviour of adolescents and life-styles, which are defined by indicators of social position, behaviour and attitude. Patterns of behaviour which are characterized by relatively high drug consumption and by leisure activities centred on sociability and entertainment represent the strongest predictors of delinquency involving property offences and violence. However, attitudinal patterns are rather less determining for the prediction of adolescent delinquency. The concept of life-styles thus allows the description of ways of living associated with high or low degrees of delinquent actions. The inclusion of life-style attributes as horizontal criteria of differentiation in addition to traditional vertical variables of social stratification increases the analytic interpretation of adolescent delinquency. In this sense, the present study contributes to a better understanding of adolescent delinquency by using the concept of life-styles

Identification of SNPs in the cystic fibrosis interactome influencing pulmonary progression in cystic fibrosis

There is growing evidence that the great phenotypic variability in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) not only depends on the genotype, but apart from a combination of environmental and stochastic factors predominantly also on modifier gene effects. It has been proposed that genes interacting with CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) are potential modifiers. Therefore, we assessed the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several of these interacters on CF disease outcome. SNPs that potentially alter gene function were genotyped in 95 well-characterized p.Phe508del homozygous CF patients. Linear mixed-effect model analysis was used to assess the relationship between sequence variants and the repeated measurements of lung function parameters. In total, we genotyped 72 SNPs in 10 genes. Twenty-five SNPs were used for statistical analysis, where we found strong associations for one SNP in PPP2R4 with the lung clearance index (P ≤ 0.01), the specific effective airway resistance (P ≤ 0.005) and the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, we identified one SNP in SNAP23 to be significantly associated with three lung function parameters as well as one SNP in PPP2R1A and three in KRT19 to show a significant influence on one lung function parameter each. Our findings indicate that direct interacters with CFTR, such as SNAP23, PPP2R4 and PPP2R1A, may modify the residual function of p.Phe508del-CFTR while variants in KRT19 may modulate the amount of p.Phe508del-CFTR at the apical membrane and consequently modify CF disease