Occurrence of some pathogenity factors in coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from mastitis milk in dairy cows

Experiment we carried out on the herd of 115 Slovak Pied dairy cows. Were realized three collections of individual milk samples for isolation and identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). We collected 341 milk samples. Coagulase - negative staphylococci were isolated in 18.8 % (64). Highest number of CNS we isolated from acute, subclinical, subacute and latent forms of mastitis, respectively. S. warneri (2.88 %), S. chromogenes (17.19 %), S. cohnii (15.63 %) and S. xylosus (14.06 %) was isolated in highest percentage. Was detected presence of 7 virulence factors, include production of staphylococcal enterotoxins, and resistance for antibiotics. S. chromogenes, S. warneri and S. xylosus were detected as most virulent species carrying most virulence factors, and were resistant for most species of tested antibiotics (S. xylosus resistant for N, NV, L, P, E; S. chromogenes, S. sciuri for 4 species of antibiotics). There pathogens were isolated from acute forms of mastitis.

Development of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from milk samples in the sheep breedings on east of Slovakia

During the last three years (2015 to 2017), the frequency of occurrence of bacteria Staphylococcus spp. were examined in total 3466 individual and 12 pool milk samples. Experiment was carried out in two herds of breed of sheep Improved Valaska in region of East Slovakia. Were isolated and taxonomically identified 15 species of the genus Staphylococcus spp. (n = 444). From the coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS), S. aureus was isolated during the reporting period, however, most often in the first year (45). The incidence of S. intermedius and S. hyicus has been irregular. From the coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (n = 288), were isolated S. epidermidis present in 37.5% (108), S. scheiferi 25.69% (74) and S. chromogenes 23.61% (68), while other species occurred only rarely. The bacteria S. aureus (n = 117) showed the highest resistance to novobiocine 14.5%, to erythromycin 12.8%, lincomycin 7.69% and also 7.69% to penicillin. In the framework of the CNS sensitivity we tested 108 strains of S. epidermidis, from which it was 11.1% resistant to novobiocine and 8.3% to erythromycin. Statistical comparison of the incidence of resistance to penicillin and novobiocine in S. aureus and S. epidermidis was performed using Chi square test. There was statistically significant dependence of tracked characters was confirmed on significance level α = 0.05. Also, the incidence of intermediate sensitivity of bacteria in the Staphylococcus spp., indicates the unfavourable development of resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics to treat the inflammation of the udder in sheep. It is therefore recommended to regularly check the resistance to antibiotics and often isolated bacteria CNS

Influence of selenium and vitamin e supplementation during pregnancy on udder health and milk quality in dairy cows at parturition

Selenium and vitamin E ranks among very important antioxidant agents protecting the organism from the effect of reactive oxygen forms. The deficiency of both nutrients during pregnancy in cows often result in metabolic disorders and increased of cases of related diseases (mastitis, retained placenta and other reproductive disorders). The aim of the present work was to study the influence of different dose of parenteral administration selenium and vitamin E in dairy cows prior to parturition on selected metabolic parameters, udder health and milk quality. A total in herd of 270 Holstein cattle in east of Slovakia in a two-four lactation-gestation cycle the control group (C) and 2 experimental groups (D, D1) were selected. All groups were similarly housed, managed and fed with the diet containing from 36 to 42 mg vitamin E and 0.2 mg.kg-1 Se of DM through the study period. In group D a products containing vitamin E and selenium were administered IM four weeks prior to the expected date of parturition in total dose of 1000 mg of dl-α-tocopherol acetate and of 44 mg sodium selenite per cow, respectively. In group D1 the same products were administered twice, four and two weeks prior to parturition. Blood samples were 4 weeks prior to predicted calving date (the time of treatment), on parturition day and at 14th day after calving for assessment of plasma vitamin E and selenium concentrations. Blood samples of the calves were drawn from jugular vein at birth and first colostrum was also collected. The occurrence of the mastitis and retained placenta during the first 14th day after calving were evaluated in all groups. Higher plasmatic and colostral concentrations of selenium and vitamin E were found only in group with repeat application of Se and vitamin E (D1) collected on the day of parturition. At the 14th day of postpartal period a trend of lower occurrence of mastitis was observed in group D1 compared to D group, administered IM once and control group. Parenteral supplementation of selenium and vitamin E during pregnancy had no impact on their transmission into the milk and on the presence of bacterial agents in raw milk obtained from dairy cows diagnosed with mastitis.&nbsp

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria Staphylococcus spp. isolated from samples of raw sheep's milk

From samples of raw sheep's milk were determined results of bacteriological examination from two herds in region of Eastern Slovakia in three years lasting study. The occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. 41.6% (124) was determined from 298 samples. The seven species of staphylococci were on a regular basis isolated: S. epidermidis (34), S. chromogenes (26), S. aureus (16). Alternately have been recorded S. warneri (16), S. schleiferi (15), S. haemolyticus (9) and S. xylosus (8). All isolated pathogens were tested by in vitro test on Mueller-Hinton agar by disc methods on resistance to 10 types of antibiotics.  Highest value of resistance was determined to Penicilin 21.0%, Neomycin 10.5% and Novobiocin 9.7%. Lower resistance was in to Oxacilin 7.2% and Amoxicilin 6.5%. Minimal resistance was founded to Cefoxitin 0.8%, Linkomycin 2.4%, Erytromycin, and Streptomycin 3.2%. Was founded total resistance (21.0%) to all antibiotics in S. epidermidis (34) during the three years, S. chromogenes (26) showed resistance to 8 types of antibiotics (12.9%), S. aureus (16) to 6 antibiotics (10.5%) and S. warneri (16) to 4 antibiotics (5.6%). It was confirmed that sheep's milk remains a major source of staphylococci. Bacteria in comparison with isolates from cows' raw milk, showed lower values of resistance, but were resistant to more than two antibiotics. Recorded occurrence of resistance in staphylococci may be connected with a minimum use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis and other diseases in sheep herds. Reported resistance to the tested antibiotics became the basis for the recommendation to use preparations to treat mastitis in sheep principally by the detection of resistance to antibiotics contained

Effect of peroral supplementation with selenium and vitamin e during late pregnancy on udder health and milk quality in dairy cows

The aim of the experiment was to study selenium and vitamin E sources in the diet of dairy cows in late phase of pregnancy and their effects on udder health and milk quality during the first two weeks after calving. The experiment included 48 cows of Holstein breed divided into four equal groups (n = 12). The first experimental group (D1) was fed with addition of vitamin E in total dose of 1020 dl-a-tocopherol acetate Se/cow per day. The second group (D2) was added the selenium at a dose of 0.3 mg.kg-1 of DM in form of sodium selenite. The third group (D3) was supplemented with addition of vitamin E in combination with sodium selenite in total dose of 1020 dl-a-tocopherol acetate Se/cow per day and of 5.0 mg Se/cow per day, respectively. The control group (C) was without the addition of selenium and vitamin E. In group (D2) with addition of selenium at a dose of 0.3 mg.kg-1 of DM and vitamin E a dose of 50 mg dl-a-tocopherol acetate/kg of DM in diet, increased the plasmatic concentration of selenium and vitamin E and reduced the incidence of mastitis by 13.3% and number of somatic cells during peripartal period in comparison with other groups

The effect of xanthohumol on carcass and oxidation parameters in the meat of Japanese quail

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.67-70In recent years, the addition of different plant extracts has become an inherent practice in poultry production. Not only as they represent a source of energy but also the beneficial content of improving the growth and quality of meat. The aim of our study was determined the effect of xanthohumol on body weight, percentage of valuable parts of muscle, content of meat of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), and oxidation processes in meat during cold storage for 7 days at 4 °C. In the comparison of groups of quails with supplementation of xanthohumol in water and in feed, the higher protein content in meat we detected in group with feed supplementation (P<0.05). Xanthohumol, administered in feed and water, did not affect the weight, percentage of valuable parts of muscle, pH of meat, water content, fat and ash in meat. The fat oxidation, and value of TBARS were lower in quails with feed supplementation in compare to control group (P<0.05). Keywords:prenylflavonoids, xanthohumol, hops, Japanese quails, carcass value ReferencesAyabe, S., Uchiama, H., Aoki, T., Akashi, T. (2010). Plant Phenolilics: Phenylpropanoides. 1, 929–976. Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier.Babangida, S., Ubosi, C. O. (2005). Effects of varying dietary protein levels in the performance of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in a semi-arid environment. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 33(1/2), 45–52.Barriuso, B., Astiasarán, I., Ansorena, D. (2013). A review of analytical methods measuring lipid oxidation status in foods: A challenging task. European Food Research and Technology. 236, 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s00217-012-1866-9.Choudhary, M., Mahadevan, T. (1986). Influence of age, storage and type of cuts on the composition of quail meat. Indian Poultry Science, 21(3), 252–254.GraphPad Prism version 4.00, GraphPad Software Inc. San Diego CA, 2003. Jiang, C. H., Xiang D. X., Wei, S. S., Li, W. Q. (2018). Anticancer activity and mechanism of xanthohumol: a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Frontiers in Pharmacology, 22(9), 530.10.3389/fphar.2018.00530Liu, M., Hansen, P. E., Wang, G., Qiu, L., Dong, J., Yin, H., et al. (2015). Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules, 20(1), 754–779.10.3390/molecules20010754Marcinčák, S., Sokol, J., Turek, P., Popelka, P., Nagy, J. (2006). Stanovenie malóndialdehydu v bravčovom mase s použitím extrakcie tuhej fáze a HPLC. Chemické Listy,100, 528–532.Nikolic, D., van Breemen, R. B. (2013). Analytical methods for quantitation of prenylated flavonoids from hops. Current Analytical Chemistry, 9(1), 71–85. 10.2174/157341113804486554Panda, B., Singh, R. P. (1990). Developments in processing quail meat and eggs. World´s Poulry Science Journal, 46(3), 219–234.Ruban, S. W. (2009). Lipid peroxidation in muscle foods-An Overview. Global Veterinaria. 3, 509–513.Simpson, B. K. (2012). Food Biochemistry and Food processing. 2th ed. Iowa: BlackwellPublishing.Tkáčová, J., Angelovičová, M. (2013). Aetherolum and fatoxidation of chicken meat. Potravinárstvo, 7(1), 76–79.Vaclovský, A., Vejcik, S. (1999). Analýza produkčních znaků japonských křepelek plemene Faraon. Collection of Scientific Papers, Faculty of Agriculture in České Budejovice, Series of Animal Sciences, 16(2), 201–208.Veterinary Laboratory Methodology, VI. Hygiena potravín. Kolektív autorov. SVS ČR, ŠVS SR, Bratislava, 1990, 130s.Zanoli, P., Zavatti, M. (2008). Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L. Journal of Etnopharmacology, 116(3), 383–396. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.01

Mastitis pathogens and their resistance against antimicrobial agents in herds of dairy cows situated in marginal parts of Slovakia

Marginal regions are relatively large part of the area Slovakia which in terms of the economy breeding ruminants can efficiently produce animal commodities only occasionally. Geographic, social and economic stability of these regions is strongly influenced by breeding of ruminants with market milk production. Mastitis is a disease complex that assumes highest clinical and economic significance in milk animals particularly medium to high yielding dairy cattle, usually in and around periparturient period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibiotics against mastitis causing microorganisms during first month of lactation in two herds of 230 and 310 dairy cows situated in marginal parts of Slovakia. Milk samples from quarters were cultured and identified bacteria were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc diffusion method to a large number of antibiotics. The prevalence of mastitis in the monitored herds of dairy cows was 26.1% to 17.6%, respectively. A total of 1663 milk samples from udder quarters were investigated, 446 (21.3%) samples were positive. No pathogens were isolated from 1663 (78.4%) milk samples. From all tested bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. which were isolated from subclinical and clinical mastitis, were found amoxicillin + clavulanat and tetradelta to be most effective drug followed by ceftiofur and rifaximin. The significant difference was confirmed between the Staph. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates with respect to their susceptibility to the various antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility tests should be done to determine the effectiveness of drug that can be used for successful treatment of diseases. Proper isolation and identification of the causative organism play significant role in prevention and control of the diseases

Comparison of exterior traits in selected giant and medium rabbit breeds

[EN] Generally, in recent times across the breeding spectrum, rabbits of giant, medium, small and dwarf breeds have been reared. The largest representation among breeders at most breeding exhibitions held in central European countries is amongst giant and medium breeds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the qualities and exterior faults in selected giant and medium rabbit breeds in different colour varieties according to a current book of rabbit standards. Of 1779 rabbits from 11 exhibitions held in the territory of the Czech and Slovak Republics, 646 giant rabbits weighing 5.5 kg and over and 1133 medium rabbits between 3.25 to 5.5 kg of different breeds and colour varieties were selected. Giant (large) breeds population included 210 of Giant, 187 of Giant Papillon and 249 of Lop. In the medium weight category, 308 of Big Light Silver, 184 of Chinchilla Giganta and 641 of Vienna group breeds were selected. The qualities and exterior faults of typical breed traits were evaluated in six positions: weight, shape, type, coat, top colour or markings and undercolour. The results of the work show that the most common exterior faults in these categories were in the shape, type and coat positions. In the shape position, significant exterior faults were found, such as slightly protruding hips with slanting rump, worse legs position with bowed or splayed limbs and loose skin on the body. Especially observed in the type position in all selected breeds were narrow chest, body too lean or too long and a more delicate head with finer structure of ears. The coat was usually thick and less elastic with the lighter undercolour at the base of the skin and non-sharply defined intermediate colour. The data obtained are ground-breaking, representing a new approach to assist in the characterisation of giant and medium rabbit breeds included in a study and to select individuals with the best exterior properties with a view to improving the breed quality.This work was supported by projects KEGA no. 006UVLF-4-2020: Implementation of new scientific knowledge in teaching and improving the practical training of students in breeding technology from the Animal husbandry subject (Slovak) and the Cultural heritage of small homelands project, no. PPI-APM-2018-1-00010-U-001 (Poland)Zigo, F.; Pyskatý, O.; Ondrašovičová, S.; Zigová, M.; Šimek, V.; Supuka, P. (2020). Comparison of exterior traits in selected giant and medium rabbit breeds. World Rabbit Science. 28(4):251-266. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2020.12937OJS25126628

Occurrence of Mastitis in Dairy Herds and the Detection of Virulence Factors in Staphylococci

Mastitis is still a major challenge that affects milk quality. The study is aimed to examine the health of the mammary gland and identify the udder pathogens and virulence factors that caused mastitis in 960 dairy cows and 940 ewes, respectively. We found that Staphylococci and streptococci are the most common causes of mastitis in those dairy animals. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), along with the main udder pathogens such as S. aureus, S. uberis, and S. agalactiae, are a major concern for dairy animals. The majority of the virulence factors (production of hemolysis, gelatinase, biofilm, ability to hydrolyze DNA, and antibiotic resistance) were found in S. chromogens, S. warneri, and S. xylosus isolates from clinical and chronic cases of mastitis. S. aureus and CoNS strains tested by disk diffusion showed 77.0 and 44.2% resistance to one or more antimicrobial classes in mastitic milk samples from dairy cows and ewes, respectively. The presence of a methicillin-resistant gene mecA poses serious complications for treatment and indicates a health risk to milk consumers due to the resistance to β-lactam-antibiotics in two isolates of S. aureus and two species of CoNS isolated from cows’ mastitic milk samples