FATTY ACIDS IN THE TISSUE OF FEATHERED GAME

U radu je istražen sastav masnih kiselina u mesu biserke (Numida meleagris), običnog fazana (Phasianus colchicus), japanske prepelice (Coturnix coturnix japonica), jarebice čukare (Alectoris chucar), trčke skvržulje (Perdix perdix) i divljeg purana (Meleagris gallopavo). Istražena je razlika između sastava masnih kiselina u prsnom mišiću i mišićju buta svake vrste posebno, a dobivene razlike uspoređene su i između svih vrsta. U mastima istraživanih vrsta pernate divljači praćen je sadržaj zasićenih i nazasićenih masnih kiselina te sadržaj pojedinačnih masnih kiselina iz skupine MUFA i PUFA. S aspekta ishrane ljudi interes je bio usmjeren posebice na sadržaj masnih kiselina iz skupine ω-9, ω-6 i ω-3 te na međusobni odnos ω-3/ω-6 masnih kiselina. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja procijenjena je nutritivna vrijednost masti u mesu navedene pernate divljači.The study evaluates fatty acid composition of fat in meat of six species of feathered game – helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris), the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), chukar partridge (Alectoris chucar), the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Attention was paid to the differences between breast and thigh muscles as well as to the differences between the particular species of feathered game. We monitored the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and the individual fatty acids content from MUFA and PUFA families. With regard to human nutrition, we paid attention to the ω-9, ω-6 and ω-3 acids content and especially to the ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acids. Based on our results, we evaluated the nutritional value of fat in meat of these species of feathered game in relation to the human nutrition

SLAUGHTER VALUE OF SELECTED BREEDS OF VILDFOWL

Cilj ovog rada bila je usporedba klaoničkog randmana i randmana značajnih organa i tkiva između šest vrsta pernate divljači: divljeg purana (Meleagris gallopavo), biserke (Numida meleagris), čukare (Alectoris chucar), japanske prepelice (Coturnix coturnix japonica), običnog fazana (Phasianus colchicus) i trčke skvržulje (Perdix perdix). U svrhu istraživanja u siječnju 2007. godine od svake je vrste zaklano i analizirano10 ptica (5 mužjaka i 5 ženki). Navedena pernata divljač uzgojena je pod istim uvjetima u uzgajalištu peradi u Jinačovice (Češka republika), u uzgojnom centru u sklopu Veterinarskog i farmaceutskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Brnu. Pernata divljač uzgajana je u volijerama s istovjetnim sustavom hranjenja i pojenja, a za istraživanje odabrana je metodom slučajnog izbora. Odmah nakon odabira pernata divljač je izvagana, zaklana i klaonički obrađene na klasičan način, slično kao i pilići u tovu. Posebna pozornost posvećena je masi trupa, vrata, srca, jetre, želuca, abdominalne masti, prsnih mišića, bataka (s kožom i bez kože), zabataka, te muskulaturi zabataka i bataka. Na temelju dobivenih podataka, s obzirom na živu masu pernate divljači izračunat je klaonički randman i randman pojedinačnih organa i tkiva. Iz dobivenih rezultata istraživanja proizlazi da su razlike u klaoničkom randmanu i randmanu istraživanih organa i tkiva meču pojedinim vrstama pernate divljači značajne (P< 0,05). Najveći klaonički randman utvrđen je kod prepelica (71,14 %), nešto niži kod biserki (70,61 %), običnog fazana (69,74 %), trčke skvržulje (69,09 %) i čukare (68,92 %), a najniži kod divljeg purana (67,99 %). Značajne razlike (P<0,05) meču prosječnim vrijednostima dokazane su između prepelice i purana, prepelice i čukare, biserke i purana te biserke i čukare. Na sličan način razmatrane su i razlike između pojedinačnih vrsta pernate divljači u pogledu pokazatelja kakvoće klaonički obrađenog trupa.The aim of this study was to compare the slaughter dressing and the dressing of characteristic organs and tissues of six breeds of wildfowl: wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris), chukor (Alectoris chucar), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and grey partridge (Perdix perdix). For the purpose of the study, in January 2007, 10 birds of each species were slaughtered (5 males and 5 females)and analysed. The birds were bred in equal conditions in the breeding centre of the Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Faculty, University in Brno. The birds were bred in roosts applying equal system of feeding and watering systems and were randomly selected for the study. Immediately following the selection the birds were weighed, slaughtered and processed in the conventional method, similar to that in chickens intended for slaughter. A special attention was paid to the weight of the trunk, neck, heart, liver, stomach, abdominal fat, breast muscles, drumsticks (with and without skin), upper legs and the muscles of the upper legs and drumsticks. On the ground of the data obtained with respect to the live weights of the birds, slaughter dressing and the dressing of individual organs and tissue were calculated. The results obtained show that differences in slaughter dressing and the dressing of the investigated organs and tissue between some breeds are significant (P<0,05). The highest slaughter dressing was faund in Japanese quail (71.14 %), slightly lower in guinea fowl (70.62 %), common pheasant (69.74 %), grey partridge (69.09 %) and chukor (68.92 %) and the lowest in wild turkey (67.99 %). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in average values were established between quail and turkey, quail and chukor, guinea fowl and turkey and guinea fowl and the chukor. Differences between individual fowl breeds were also considered with respect to indicators of slaughtering processed trunk

Influence of Pre-Sampling Handling Duration on Selected Biochemical Indices in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

The effects of varying periods of pre-sampling handling (1.5 min, 3 min, 4.5 min, 6 min) on selected biochemical indices were monitored in a group of 8–9-month-old common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) kept at a pheasantry in Jinačovice, Czech Republic. The duration of pheasant handling (capture, restraint, and blood sampling) was positively correlated with plasma corticosterone (p p p p < 0.05) in the blood plasma. A significant increase in corticosterone plasma concentrations and a decrease in glucose plasma concentrations were already found in blood samples taken after 3 min of capture in comparison to blood samples of pheasants taken within 1.5 min

Behaviour patterns of the cage-housed breeding flock of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

The aim of this work was to investigate the behaviour patterns of a cage-housed breeding flock of pheasants during the day in the early stage of laying period, and evaluate the differences in behaviour patterns between male and female pheasants. Observations were carried out with a flock of common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) consisting of 1 male and 5 female pheasants aged 2 years that showed a minimum rate of aggression in the previous laying. Behaviour patterns of birds were studied using a 15-minute video recording taken at each hour during the day (from 7 a.m. until 7 p.m.). The rates of activities such as feeding, movement, resting, scratching, preening, mating and aggression in female pheasants differed significantly from those in the male, as observed throughout the day. The rate of feeding had 2 peaks in hens (in early morning and late evening). Generally, the feed intake in females was observed throughout the day whereas the male received feed less frequently but at a higher rate, particularly in the afternoon. The highest rate of movement was observed for both male and female pheasants in morning hours followed by a decline in movement activities which was slow in hens and rapid in the cock, with the subsequent second peak before dark. Except for 7 a.m., resting was among behaviour patterns with the highest rate in both genders throughout day, with lower rates in females as compared to the male. The stereotype behaviour was observed in hens more frequently, with a peak in a period from 9 a.m. to 12 a.m. The highest frequency of mating was observed in the evening after 7 p.m

Oxidative stress and liver damage in birds exposed to diclofenac and lead

Responses of wildlife to multiple stressors fit in the ecological concept of trade-off. While toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heavy metals for free-ranging birds has been shown in single exposures, the present study aims to evaluate oxidative stress, and liver and kidney damage caused by single and combined effects of diclofenac and lead in the Japanese quail. Forty Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into equal groups of controls, diclofenac, Pb, and Pb+diclofenac exposures. The birds were exposed to the respective chemicals through insertion of lead shots (1.5 g) into the crop on day 0 of the experiment and/or administration of 5 mg/kg of diclofenac intramuscularly in two treatments on days 0 and 5. Groups in liver and kidney tissues of birds were then compared after 10 days using histopathology and biochemistry markers such as glutathione reductase (GR), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation measured as total thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). The liver damage score gradient was Pb+diclofenac exposure group > Pb exposure group > diclofenac exposure group and hepatic TBARS values were significantly increased in the group of birds exposed to a combination of diclofenac and lead compared to the healthy control group. The study has shown that, apart from the reported nephrotoxicity of diclofenac, hepatic toxicity should also be considered. Avian clinicians should be cautious when selecting drugs for therapy of wild birds with unknown history of exposure to toxic substances