7 research outputs found
Dynamic Effects on the Charge Transport in an Organic Near-Infrared Absorber Material
In a theoretical study, combining
molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-chemical calculations, and
charge migration simulations based on Marcus theory, we investigate
the electronic structure, its fluctuations, and the charge transport
of a promising organic near-infrared absorber material: 7,7-difluoro-7<i>H</i>-5,9-diphenyldiisoindoloÂ[2,1-<i>c</i>:1′,2′-<i>f</i>]Â[1,3,5,2]Âtriazaborinine-6-ium-7-uide (Ph<sub>2</sub>-benz-BODIPY),
which is already successfully used as the donor material in organic
solar cells. For the crystalline, defect-free phase, we find a one-dimensional
hole transport characteristic with a mobility of 0.53 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s) and a two-dimensional electron transport characteristic with
a smaller mobility of 0.15 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V s). The attachment of
the phenyl rings to the molecular core tends to improve the electron
conduction by reducing the internal reorganization energy and by increasing
the intermolecular coupling. In contrast, such functionalization tends
to impair the hole transport as the highest occupied molecular orbital
couples dominantly to the dynamics of the phenyl rings and the annulated
benzene rings
Tuning Near-Infrared Absorbing Donor Materials: A Study of Electronic, Optical, and Charge-Transport Properties of aza-BODIPYs
The
class of 4,4′-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a,8-triaza-s-indacenes
(aza-BODIPYs) are promising near-infrared absorber materials which
are successfully used in organic solar cells to extend their absorption
to the near-infrared regime. We computationally studied electronic
properties, internal reorganization energies, and the optical properties
of more than 100 promising candidates and derived design principles,
including novel functionalization routes, to improve their performance
as donor materials. We synthesized and characterized several of the
promising molecules, confirming the predicted trends. The best charge
transport properties and absorption characteristics are obtained for
naphthalene-annulated molecular cores due to optimally delocalized
frontier molecular orbitals. Further optimization can be achieved
by α-functionalization with fluorinated groups, β-functionalization
with accepting substituents, and modification of the borondifluoride
group. For such molecules, we predict a bathochromic shift in the
absorption, which should not significantly reduce the open-circuit
voltage. Torsional restriction of α-substituents by carbon bridges
can further improve both charge transport and absorption. The theoretically
and experimentally observed independence of most of the functionalization
strategies makes BODIPYs an ideal material class for tailor-made absorber
materials that can cover a broad range of absorption, charge transport,
and energetic regimes, calling for further exploration in organic
solar cell applications, fluorescence microscopy, and photodynamic
therapy
<i>In Situ</i> Observations of Free-Standing Graphene-like Mono- and Bilayer ZnO Membranes
ZnO in its many forms, such as bulk, thin films, nanorods, nanobelts, and quantum dots, attracts significant attention because of its exciting optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. For very thin ZnO films, predictions were made that the bulk wurtzite ZnO structure would transit to a layered graphene-like structure. Graphene-like ZnO layers were later confirmed when supported over a metal substrate. However, the existence of free-standing graphene-like ZnO has, to the best of our knowledge, not been demonstrated. In this work, we show experimental evidence for the <i>in situ</i> formation of free-standing graphene-like ZnO mono- and bilayer ZnO membranes suspended in graphene pores. Local electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms the membranes comprise only Zn and O. Image simulations and supporting analysis confirm that the membranes are graphene-like ZnO. Graphene-like ZnO layers are predicted to have a wide band gap and different and exciting properties as compared to other ZnO structures
Graphene Coatings for the Mitigation of Electron Stimulated Desorption and Fullerene Cap Formation
Graphene
already has numerous applications in transmission electron
microscopy. Here, we extend its application in electron microscopy
by demonstrating its potential to stop electron induced desorption
in nonconducting samples, where in essence charge build-up leads to
surface atom desorption. Graphene films provide a conduction pathway
to prevent charge build-up and do not interfere with the imaging process
allowing the direct imaging of specimens sensitive to electron induced
desorption. We also show that small graphene flakes on the surface
of MgO transform to fullerenes or hemispherical fullerenes. The hemispherical
fullerenes anchor to the MgO surface and are of particular interest
as they suggest it should be possible to nucleate single walled carbon
nanotubes on the surface of oxide supports without the need of a catalyst
particle
Synthesis of NBN-Type Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 1,9-Diaza-9a-boraphenalene as a Structural Motif
A novel class of dibenzo-fused 1,9-diaza-9a-boraphenalenes
featuring
zigzag edges with a nitrogen–boron–nitrogen bonding
pattern named NBN-dibenzophenalenes (NBN-DBPs) has been synthesized.
Alternating nitrogen and boron atoms impart high chemical stability
to these zigzag-edged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and
this motif even allows for postsynthetic modifications, as demonstrated
here through electrophilic bromination and subsequent palladium-catalyzed
cross-coupling reactions. Upon oxidation, as a typical example, NBN-DBP <b>5a</b> was nearly quantitatively converted to σ-dimer <b>5a-2</b> through an open-shell intermediate, as indicated by UV–vis–NIR
absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
corroborated by spectroscopic calculations, as well as 2D NMR spectra
analyses. In situ spectroelectrochemistry was used to confirm the
formation process of the dimer radical cation <b>5a-2</b><sup>•+</sup>. Finally, the developed new synthetic strategy could
also be applied to obtain π-extended NBN-dibenzoheptazethrene
(NBN-DBHZ), representing an efficient pathway toward NBN-doped zigzag-edged
graphene nanoribbons
Synthesis of NBN-Type Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 1,9-Diaza-9a-boraphenalene as a Structural Motif
A novel class of dibenzo-fused 1,9-diaza-9a-boraphenalenes
featuring
zigzag edges with a nitrogen–boron–nitrogen bonding
pattern named NBN-dibenzophenalenes (NBN-DBPs) has been synthesized.
Alternating nitrogen and boron atoms impart high chemical stability
to these zigzag-edged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and
this motif even allows for postsynthetic modifications, as demonstrated
here through electrophilic bromination and subsequent palladium-catalyzed
cross-coupling reactions. Upon oxidation, as a typical example, NBN-DBP <b>5a</b> was nearly quantitatively converted to σ-dimer <b>5a-2</b> through an open-shell intermediate, as indicated by UV–vis–NIR
absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
corroborated by spectroscopic calculations, as well as 2D NMR spectra
analyses. In situ spectroelectrochemistry was used to confirm the
formation process of the dimer radical cation <b>5a-2</b><sup>•+</sup>. Finally, the developed new synthetic strategy could
also be applied to obtain π-extended NBN-dibenzoheptazethrene
(NBN-DBHZ), representing an efficient pathway toward NBN-doped zigzag-edged
graphene nanoribbons
Absorption Tails of Donor:C<sub>60</sub> Blends Provide Insight into Thermally Activated Charge-Transfer Processes and Polaron Relaxation
In disordered organic
semiconductors, the transfer of a rather
localized charge carrier from one site to another triggers a deformation
of the molecular structure quantified by the intramolecular relaxation
energy. A similar structural relaxation occurs upon population of
intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states formed at organic electron
donor (D)–acceptor (A) interfaces. Weak CT absorption bands
for D–A complexes occur at photon energies below the optical
gaps of both the donors and the C<sub>60</sub> acceptor as a result
of optical transitions from the neutral ground state to the ionic
CT state. In this work, we show that temperature-activated intramolecular
vibrations of the ground state play a major role in determining the
line shape of such CT absorption bands. This allows us to extract
values for the relaxation energy related to the geometry change from
neutral to ionic CT complexes. Experimental values for the relaxation
energies of 20 D:C<sub>60</sub> CT complexes correlate with values
calculated within density functional theory. These results provide
an experimental method for determining the polaron relaxation energy
in solid-state organic D–A blends and show the importance of
a reduced relaxation energy, which we introduce to characterize thermally
activated CT processes