Dialektika Agama dan Negara dalam Karya Jurgen Habermas

Agama di negara sekuler dianggap tidak memiliki pengaruh sama sekali terhadap dinamika negara. Habermas melalui teori rasio komunikatif, etika diskursus, dan demokrasi deliberatif pada akhirnya memandang bahwa dalam negara demokratis yang terdapat dialog antara agama dan negara justru menunjukkan betapa agama mampu menggerakkan negara untuk selalu beradaptasi dan saling berkomunikasi. Cara yang digunakan yakni agama harus mentransformasi diri dari agama mitis (religious-metaphysical) ke agama rasional (religious-post-metafisik). Di sini warga beragama dan warga sekuler dalam masyarakat post-sekuler dapat saling belajar satu sama lain. Warganegara beriman juga mesti belajar dari sains dan teknologi yang memiliki klaim-klaim kesahihan ilmu pengetahuan. Warganegara beriman juga harus tunduk dan mengakui rasio sekuler yang menjadi basis legitimasi negara hukum demokratis

Additional file 1: of Response of fibroblast growth factor 19 and bile acid synthesis after a body weight-adjusted oral fat tolerance test in overweight and obese NAFLD patients: a non-randomized controlled pilot trial

Table S1. Prevalence of comorbidities in overweight (N = 14) and obese (12) NAFLD patients. In overweight NAFLD subjects, hypercholesterolemia is the dominant concomitant disease. In obese NAFLD patients, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia are the most common comorbidities. (DOCX 18 kb

Additional file 2: of Response of fibroblast growth factor 19 and bile acid synthesis after a body weight-adjusted oral fat tolerance test in overweight and obese NAFLD patients: a non-randomized controlled pilot trial

Figure S1. FGF19 serum concentrations at 2 h versus C4 values at 4 h after the oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) in controls (N = 16). (DOCX 36 kb

Boxplot: IPF% and the platelet count subgroups.

<p>Boxplot: IPF% and the platelet count subgroups.</p

Boxplot: Spleen diameter and platelet count subgroups.

<p>Boxplot: Spleen diameter and platelet count subgroups.</p

Receiver operating characteristics curve: IPF% and esophageal varices.

<p>Receiver operating characteristics curve: IPF% and esophageal varices.</p

Immature platelet fraction and thrombopoietin in patients with liver cirrhosis: A cohort study

<div><p>Background and aims</p><p>Thrombocytopenia occurs frequently in patients with cirrhosis. The immature platelet fraction (IPF%) is measured to differentiate the causes of thrombocytopenia. To date the relevance of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the context of cirrhosis is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the cause of thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis by measuring IPF%, TPO and spleen size. In addition we examined the use of IPF% to evaluate the severity of cirrhosis and its complications.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Overall, we included 88 in-patients with cirrhosis in our study. The collected data comprises current health status, blood parameters, severity of cirrhosis evaluated by Child-Pugh score and MELD score, spleen diameter, ascites and esophageal varices. The IPF% was measured using an automatic hematology analyzer. TPO was measured with ELISA.</p><p>Results</p><p>IPF% (p = 0.003) and spleen diameter (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with thrombocytopenia. There was no significant difference in TPO between patients with and without thrombocytopenia. The mean values of IPF% varied significantly (p = 0.044) in Child-Pugh stages. IPF% was significantly (p = 0.005) elevated in patients with esophageal varices. Moreover, IPF% higher than 3.85% displayed sensitivity of 76.6% and specificity of 52.4% with an area under receiver operating curve characteristics of 0.669 for the presence of esophageal varices.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>On closer examination of the three compartments known to have an influence on platelet count splenomegaly seems to be the major cause of thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis according to current knowledge. Higher IPF% in patients with thrombocytopenia indicates peripheral consumption of platelets. The relation between spleen diameter and platelet count indicates the spleen to be the major place of platelets’ consumption. TPO did not differ between patients with and without thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, we cannot exclude an influence of impaired thrombopoietin synthesis on platelet counts. The association between IPF% and platelet count suggests that there is physiological regulation of platelets in patients with cirrhosis. In our study IPF% is associated with esophageal varices and the stage of cirrhosis. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.</p></div

Boxplot: IPF% and stage of esophageal varices.

<p>Boxplot: IPF% and stage of esophageal varices.</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>Patient characteristics.</p

TLR4 deficiency protects against DEN-induced liver injury in fibrotic liver.

<p>ABCB4-deficient and ABCB4/TLR4-double-deficient mice were subjected to DEN at 16 weeks of age (n = 12 per line; 6 males, 6 females). (A) Plasma ALT activities, measured in U/l. (B) Relative hepatic <i>Col1a1</i> mRNA expression. ABCB4^-/-:TLR4^+/+ mice were set as 1. (C) Relative hepatic <i>a-SMA</i> mRNA expression. ABCB4^-/-:TLR4^+/+ mice were set as 1. (D) Relative hepatic <i>Il6</i> expression. ABCB4^-/-: TLR4^+/+ mice were set as 1. (E) Relative hepatic <i>Crp</i> expression. ABCB4^-/-:TLR4^+/+ mice were set as 1. (D) Hepatocellular apoptosis rate. (E) Hepatocellular proliferation rate. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.</p