Intelligent Fuzzy Assessment System for English Academic Writing in Engineering Education

This paper aims to address the objectivity and reliability of academic writing assessment through the rule based fuzzy logic assessment system and to show the feasibility of computer assisted assessment in language learning. In this study, first, a user-friendly and rule based intelligent fuzzy writing assessment software (IFWAS) system was developed. The designed IFWAS is based on the Fuzzy Group Decision Support System (FGDSS), which provides a score and diagnostic feedback to students. The system has a flexible database to form written reinforcing feedback addressed both to students’ weaknesses and strengths in writing. Secondly, to see the efficacy of software in an educational setting, it was implemented to assess the academic English writing skills of 15 engineering students. The focus group interviews conducted with students and teachers after the empirical research underlined the importance of an objective and transparent assessment in learning; thus indicating that the educational use of software had positive pedagogical implications

Events and costs (€, 2013).

<p>Total number of events of symptomatic (recurrent) DVT, symptomatic (recurrent) non-fatal PE, bleeding complications and related costs from societal perspective within a hypothetical patient population of 1,000 subjects receiving dabigatran and VKA for 180 days (base case analysis).</p><p>VKA: vitamin-K antagonist; VTE: venous thromboembolism; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism: CRNM: clinically relevant non-major; INR, international normalized ratio.</p><p>¹Until the end of the post-treatment period</p><p>²First occurrence of primary efficacy endpoint</p><p>³During double-dummy period</p><p>⁴Statistically significant differences between VKA and dabigatran</p><p>⁵Productivity losses by those 50% of the patients being 64 years-of-age and younger.</p><p>Events and costs (€, 2013).</p

Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve in the base case analysis.

<p>Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve in the base case analysis.</p

Events and costs (€, 2013).

<p>Total number of events of symptomatic (recurrent) DVT, symptomatic (recurrent) non-fatal PE, bleeding complications and related costs from societal perspective within a hypothetical patient population of 1,000 subjects receiving dabigatran and VKA for 180 days (base case analysis).</p><p>VKA: vitamin-K antagonist; VTE: venous thromboembolism; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism: CRNM: clinically relevant non-major; INR, international normalized ratio.</p><p>¹Until the end of the post-treatment period</p><p>²First occurrence of primary efficacy endpoint</p><p>³During double-dummy period</p><p>⁴Statistically significant differences between VKA and dabigatran</p><p>⁵Productivity losses by those 50% of the patients being 64 years-of-age and younger.</p><p>Events and costs (€, 2013).</p

Tornado diagram illustrating the impact on the incremental effects from sensitivity analyses for dabigatran vs. vitamin-K antagonists.

<p>Light grey bars denote influence of the high value of the 95% confidence interval range and dark grey bars denote influence of the low value for parameters investigated. The solid vertical line represents the base case incremental QALYs for dabigatran compared to VKA. Horizontal bars indicate the range of incremental QALYs obtained by setting each variable to the values shown while holding all other values constant. INR, international normalized ratio; PE, pulmonary embolism; rDVT, recurrent deep vein thrombosis; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; CRNM, clinically relevant non-major.</p

Incremental costs, QALYs and ICER for patients with DVT receiving 180 days anticoagulation therapy from the societal perspective (base case analysis) for a cohort of 1000 patients.

<p>QALY: quality adjusted life year; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; VKA: vitamin-K antagonist.</p><p>Incremental costs, QALYs and ICER for patients with DVT receiving 180 days anticoagulation therapy from the societal perspective (base case analysis) for a cohort of 1000 patients.</p

Cost-effectiveness plane in the base case analysis.

<p>The graph shows the results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis of dabigatran treatment compared to VKA treatment in DVT over a period of 180 days from the societal perspective. Points below the diagonal line represent simulations in which dabigatran was a cost-effective alternative at a threshold of €20,000/QALY, below the x-axis, cost-saving points are shown.</p

Decision model for the DVT population.

<p>The model starts with the diagnosis deep venous thrombosis. All patients directly started with the treatment of VKA or dabigatran anticoagulation, probabilities for events differ per arm. VTE: venous thromboembolism; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; PE: pulmonary embolism; CRNM: clinically relevant non-major.</p