Who owns the international internet networks?

This research examines who controls the international Internet using a multi-level network analysis. Internet provider (IP) address ownership data obtained from TeleGeography (http://www.telegeography.com/) are used to describe the structure of the international network of private companies and Internet service providers (ISPs). The results indicate that 16 companies, headquartered in seven countries, are at the center of the network, each accounting for more than 1% of international Internet connections. Level 3 Communications, based in the United States, is at the center of the network. The United States is the most central nation in the ownership network. American corporations account for almost 40% of the international links. A cluster analysis found a single group centered about the United States. The ownership network is consistent with other measures of the international Internet network. Its structure replicates and maintains the global hierarchy as suggested by world system and globalization theory. Policy implications are discussed

Transnational Associations and INGOs: Macro-Associations

Taking international non-governmental organizations as the key unit of analysis, this chapter outlines the nature and history of transnational voluntary associations since the early nineteenth century before proceeding to evaluate the transformation of their organizational forms in the post-Cold War era and their shifting geographical distribution. It is argued that the traditional hierarchical model of an international organization headquartered in ‘Western’ countries is becoming increasingly challenged by new organizational forms based in multiple regions of the world. The chapter then considers the practices of transnational associations, exploring their advocacy and service roles with particular reference to the mechanisms for evaluating these organizations’ effectiveness in fulfilling these roles. The proposition that transnational associations have contributed towards the development of global civil society and the enhancement of global democracy is then considered, before proceeding to an evaluation of perspectives on their legitimacy and accountability, which have become increasingly central to the research agenda on transnational associations. The chapter concludes by making recommendations for future research into transnational associations