Anthropology: A credit memo for the social and educational role in the area of History

La docencia sobre el saber de la Historia amerita ser revisada a la luz del balance de los resultados académicos que los organismos competentes arrojan, y que de manera objetiva no complacen. Esta área necesita de la cooperación del saber antropológico para que su función social recupere dicho crédito. Eliminar o, como mínimo, impedir el mal uso y abuso de la Historia en el alumnado se hace imperativo para generar en ellos el sentido y formación crítica que cualquier sociedad avanzada demanda de sus ciudadanos. La Antropología puede desplegar sobre la Historia un utillaje óptimo para hacer frente a los males apuntados con los que ayudar a cimentar en su camino constructivo una disciplina respetable y eficiente a la que no le sea cuestionada su utilidad y pueda volver a seducir. Esta investigación tiene por objeto mejorar la calidad del ejercicio docente de la Historia en la etapa de Bachillerato en la ciudad de Granada con el aporte de la Antropología Social, para contribuir a la formación del alumnado de manera integral y desarrollar la capacidad de generar un criterio crítico y emancipador. Hemos diseñado un trabajo ecléctico, empleando instrumentos cualitativos y cuantitativos. En relación a los datos cuantitativos obtenidos mediante el cuestionario empleado, pretendemos mostrar la situación actual de los aspectos formativos, curriculares y de desarrollo profesional que los docentes de Historia expresan con relación a los contenidos antropológicos.Teaching about knowledge of history deserves to be revised in light of balance of academic results that the competent bodies shed, and objectively not pleased. This area needs the cooperation of anthropological knowledge for its social function recover that credit. Eliminate or at least prevent the misuse and abuse of history in students it becomes imperative to generate their sense and critical training that any advanced society demands of its citizens. Anthropology can deploy on the History optimal tool to deal with the evils targeted to help build in a constructive way a respectable and efficient discipline that is not questioned its usefulness and you can return to seduce. This research aims to improve the quality of teaching practice of history at the stage of high school in the city of Granada with the contribution of social anthropology to contribute to the training of students holistically and develop the ability to generate criteria critical and emancipatory. We have designed an eclectic work, using qualitative and quantitative tools. Regarding quantitative data obtained through the questionnaire used, we intend to show the current status of training, curriculum and professional development for teachers of history expressed in relation to the contents anthropological aspects

Before and after EEES spirit in biometrics for pharmacy

Biometría es una asignatura troncal de primer curso del grado de Farmacia. Últimamente, los profesores tratan de adaptarla al espíritu del EEES. El mayor esfuerzo se enfoca hacia el desarrollo de la capacidad de auto-crítica, auto-aprendizaje y de una evaluación adecuada. Algunos métodos tradicionales ya lo pretendían, como la provisión de resúmenes teóricos, la discusión de problemas matemáticos del ámbito farmacéutico dados de antemano o el uso de un paquete informático estadístico. Además, actualmente los alumnos tienen acceso a una página web de la asignatura con esos materiales junto con ejemplos resueltos, presentaciones, etc. La mayor novedad es un curso inicial para repasar conceptos básicos previos y el acceso a tests de autoevaluación a lo largo del curso. La evaluación consistía en un examen final y ahora de cuatro exámenes cortos, otro de las capacidades de uso del paquete estadístico y uno final. El estudio estadístico de las calificaciones desde 2003 hasta 2008 muestran que: 1. Los turnos de la mañana y la tarde son comparables. 2. Las calificaciones de junio y septiembre no son comparables. 3. Las calificaciones son siempre bajas. 4. Las calificaciones son similares para ambos estilos de enseñanza. Por tanto, debemos reflexionar acerca de los resultados. Estudiando lo obtenido tras una encuesta a alumnos y profesores, concluimos lo siguiente: es necesario una mejora en los conocimientos previos de los alumnos, animar a alumnos y profesores a romper con la antigua forma de aprender y la disminución del ratio de alumnos por clase.Biometrics is a mandatory subject in the first course of the Pharmacy degree. In the last few years, its professors try to adapt it to the EEES spirit. The biggest effort is focused on developing the self-criticisim, self-learning competences and a suitable evaluation method. Some of the traditional teaching methods already aimed that, such us providing theory summaries and discussions about mathematical problems within the pharmacy framework proposed in advanced and the use of a statistical package. Nowadays, besides that, the students have a subject web page with the summaries, problems, solved examples, slide presentations, etc. The biggest novelties are an initial course to review preliminary basic concepts and self-evaluation multiple-choice tests provided along the whole term. The evaluation changed from one final exam to four short ones, an exam of their skills at using the statistics package and a final exam.The statistical analysis of the final marks from the 2003 to 2008 shows that: 1. Morning and afternoon shifts are comparable. 2. June and September marks are not comparable. 3. Final marks are always low. 4. Final marks are similar for both teaching styles. Therefore, we should reflect on the results carefully. Having studied the data of a survey among professors and students, we come to the following conclusions: it is necessary to ask for higher student’s knowledge basis, to encourage them and professors to break the chains of old ways of learning and to ask for a decrease in the ratio of students per class.Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente apoyado por los proyectos MTM2007-63793 del Plan Nacional I+D+I, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, y FQM-307 de la Consejería de Innovación de la Junta de Andalucía

Cardiovascular risk assessment models and nursing role in prevention

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados y se están extendiendo a modo de «epidemia» a los países en desarrollo. Existen una serie de modelos de estimación del riesgo cardiovascular global que tienen en cuenta varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular de forma simultánea tal y como se aconseja. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es concluir qué modelo de estimación de riesgo cardiovascular global es el más adecuado para utilizar con la población española. Existen distintas ecuaciones para la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular global acompañadas tablas. El modelo de Framingham fue el primero y tiene calibraciones para la población española. Existen estimaciones europeas: modelo PROCAM y modelo SCORE. Hay también modelos específicos para pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (modelo UKPDS o modelo Arquímedes). Hemos de usar la tabla SCORE para estimar el riesgo de cualquier evento cardiovascular mortal en 10 años y por estar calibrado para la población española. No obstante, hemos de tener en cuenta que tiene una serie de limitaciones. Según distintos estudios el personal de enfermería ha de coordinar los programas de prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular.Cardiovascular Disease continues to be the first leading cause of death in developed countries and is spreading as an epidemic to developing ones. There are a number of Global Cardiovascular Risk assessment models that simultaneously take into account several Cardiovascular Risk Factors, as it is advisable. The aim of this review article is to determine which Global Cardiovascular Risk assessment model is best suited for use with the Spanish population. Global Cardiovascular Risk. The Framingham model was the first one, ant it has calibrations for the Spanish population. There are some European estimates: the PROCAM model and the SCORE model. There are also specific models for patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (the UKPDS model or the Archimedes model). We must use the SCORE chart, as it estimates the risk for any fatal cardiovascular event over 10 years and is calibrated for the Spanish population. Nevertheless, we should consider that it has a number of limitations. According to different studies, the Nursing Staff should coordinate the Cardiovascular Disease prevention programs

Influence of different surgical techniques on primary implant stability in the posterior maxilla: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Background and objective Primary stability (PS) is remarkable for secondary stability and implant success. Surgical technique modifications seem to improve primary stability, especially in poor quality bone. The aim of this study was to compare the insertion torque (IT) and implant stability quotients (ISQ) of implants placed with underpreparation, expanders, and standard surgical instrumentation in different bone types. Material and methods This randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled 108 patients (n=108 implants) distributed in three study groups: group 1 (n=36) underpreparation technique, group 2 (n=36) expander technique, and group 3 (n=36) conventional drilling. IT was recorded with a torque indicator. ISQ was recorded with resonance frequency analysis immediately after surgery. Results ISQ values were associated with the patient’s bone quality and were higher in bone quality type II (76.65) and type III (73.60) and lower in bone quality type IV (67.34), with statistically significant differences (p<0.0001). Lower stability results were obtained when conventional drilling (69.31) was used compared to the use of underpreparation (74.29) or expanders (73.99) with a level of significance of p=0.008 and p=0.005, respectively. Conclusions The surgical technique influences the PS when there is low-quality bone. In low-quality bones, conventional drilling obtains lower ISQ values. Clinical relevance Replace the conventional drilling technique for an alternative, underpreparation or expanders, in lowquality bone in order to achieve greater primary stabilityUniversidad de Granada/ CBU

Stress System Dynamics during “Life As It Is Lived”: An Integrative Single-Case Study on a Healthy Woman

Little is known about the dynamic characteristics of stress system activity during “life as it is lived”. Using as representative a study design as possible, this investigation sought to gain insights into this area. A healthy 25-year-old woman collected her entire urine over a period of 63 days in 12-h intervals (126 measurements) to determine cortisol and neopterin (immune activation marker) levels. In addition, she filled out questionnaires on emotional state and daily routine in 12-h intervals, and was interviewed weekly to identify emotionally negative and positive everyday incidents. Adjusted cross-correlational analyses revealed that stressful incidents were associated with cyclic response patterns in both urinary cortisol and urinary neopterin concentrations. Urinary cortisol levels first decreased 12–24 h after stressful incidents occurred (lag 1: −.178; p = 0.048) and then increased a total of 72–84 h later (lag 6: +.224; p = 0.013). Urinary neopterin levels first increased 0–12 h before the occurrence of stressful incidents (−lag 1: +.185; p = 0.040) and then decreased a total of 48–60 h following such stressors (lag 4: −.181; p = 0.044). Decreases in urinary neopterin levels were also found 24–36 and 48–60 h after increases in pensiveness (lag 2: −.215; p = 0.017) and depressiveness (lag 4: −.221; p = 0.014), respectively. Findings on emotionally positive incidents sharply contrasted with those dealing with negative experiences. Positive incidents were followed first by urinary cortisol concentration increases within 12 h (lag 0: +.290; p = 0.001) and then by decreases after a total of 60–72 h (lag 5: −.186; p = 0.039). Urinary neopterin levels first decreased 12–24 h before positive incidents occurred (−lag 2: −.233; p = 0.010) and then increased a total of 12–24 h following these incidents (lag 1: +.222; p = 0.014). As with previous investigations on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), this study showed that stress system response can be considerably longer and more complex and differentiated than findings from conventional group studies have suggested. Further integrative single-case studies will need to be conducted in order to draw firm conclusions about stress system dynamics under real-life conditions

Subjective Positive and Negative Sleep Variables Differentially Affect Cellular Immune Activity in a Breast Cancer Survivor: A Time-series Analysis Approach

This study on a breast cancer survivor suffering from cancer-related fatigue (CaRF) and depression investigated the bidirectional relationship between cellular immune activity and subjective sleep. The 49-year-old patient (breast cancer diagnosis 5 years before the study, currently in remission) collected her full urine output for 28 days in 12-h intervals (8:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.). These urine samples were used to determine urinary neopterin (cellular immune activation marker) and creatinine concentrations via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each morning, the patient answered questions on five sleep variables: sleep quality (SQ), sleep recreational value (SRV), total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), and awakenings during sleep period (ADS). For the purpose of this study, the time series of the nighttime urinary neopterin levels and the five sleep variables were determined. Using centered moving average (CMA) smoothing and cross-correlational analysis, this study showed that increases in the positive sleep variables SQ and SRV were followed by urinary neopterin concentration decreases after 96–120 h (SQ, lag 4: r = −0.411; p = 0.044; SRV: lag 4: r = −0.472; p = 0.021) and 120–144 h (SRV, lag 5: r = −0.464; p = 0.026). Increases in the negative sleep variable TWT, by contrast, were followed by increases in urinary neopterin concentrations 72–96 h later (lag 3: r = 0.522; p = 0.009). No systematic effects in the other direction, i.e., from urinary neopterin levels to sleep, were observed in this study. Although preliminary, the findings of this study highlight the benefit of carefully investigating temporal delays and directions of effects when studying the dynamic relationship between sleep and immune variables in the natural context of everyday life

Adjusted cross-correlation functions indicating that negative (“somewhat, moderately, and marked stressful”) incidents are associated with cyclic responses in urinary cortisol and urinary neopterin levels.

<p>Each lag represents a time interval of 12 h. Coefficients (bars) reaching the upper or lower confidence limits (lines) are significant at <i>p</i><.05. In <b>A</b>) negative incidents are followed by urinary cortisol concentration decreases at +lag 1 (12–24 h) and increases at +lag 6 (72–84 h). In <b>B</b>) negative incidents are preceded by urinary neopterin level increases at −lag 1 (0–12 h) and followed by urinary neopterin level decreases at +lag 4 (48–60 h).</p

Examples of “somewhat, moderately, and marked stressful” daily incidents.

<p>Examples of “somewhat, moderately, and marked stressful” daily incidents.</p

Adjusted cross-correlation functions indicating that positive incidents related to “educational and/or social accomplishment” are associated with cyclic responses in urinary cortisol and urinary neopterin levels.

<p>Each lag represents a time interval of 12 h. Coefficients (bars) reaching the upper or lower confidence limits (lines) are significant at <i>p</i><.05. In <b>A</b>) positive incidents are followed by urinary cortisol concentration increases at ±lag 0 (0–12 h) and decreases at +lag 5 (60–72 h). In <b>B</b>) positive incidents are precipitated by urinary neopterin level decreases at −lag 2 (12–24 h) and followed by urinary neopterin level increases at +lag 1 (12–24 h).</p

Time series of urinary cortisol and urinary neopterin levels of the healthy woman under study.

<p><b>A</b>) shows the time series of urinary cortisol levels, and <b>B</b>) shows the time series of urinary neopterin levels. Both the raw data (solid black) and the fit from the ARIMA model representing the series' internal structure (dotted grey) are plotted. Time series cover a period of 63 days or 126 12-hour time-units during which the subject collected her entire urine in day portions (08:00–20:00 h, uneven numbers) and night portions (20:00–08:00 h, even numbers).</p