Analisis Optimasi Produksi Sumur Gas Lift Lapangan Awiligar dengan Perbandingan Desain Ulang dan Konversi Esp

Sumur minyak yang berproduksi akan mengalami penurunan produksi dikarenakan turunnya tekanan formasi sehingga dibutuhkan pengangkatan buatan.Sumur – sumur pada Lapangan Awiligar sebagian besar berproduksi dengan pengangkatan buatan gas lift. Lapangan Awiligar bertujuan meningkatkan produksi harian, sehingga perlu dilakukan optimasi diantaranya optimasi sumur – sumur gas lift. Sumur gas lift yang dikaji adalah Sumur M-150, Sumur – M-155, Sumur M-160, dan Sumur M-165 karena water cut yang tidak terlalu tinggi diantara sumur gas lift lainnya dan produksi yang lebih tinggi dari sumur gas lift lainnya.Optimasi dilakukan dengan perbandingan antara menambah jumlah laju injeksi gas, mendesain ulang posisi katup, dan menkonversi menjadi Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) dimana skenario terbaik dilihat dari lifting cost terkecil. Hasil skenario terbaik untuk optimasi sumur kajian adalah dengan konversi menjadi ESP dikarenakan produksi yang lebih besar dan lifting cost yang lebih rendah dari gas lift

Expression of CB₁, CB₂, PPARα and NAPE-PLD proteins in the spleen of rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence and control rats grouped by sex.

<p>Relative protein expression and representative immunoblots of: (A) CB₁ protein (fold change); (B) CB₂ protein (fold change); (C) PPARα protein (fold change); and (D) NAPE-PLD protein (fold change). Representative immunohistochemical images at 4x magnification of: (E) CB₁ protein; (F) CB₂ protein; (G) PPARα protein; and (H) NAPE-PLD protein. The bars represent means ± SEM. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and significant main effects or interaction between factors was indicated as follows: (*) p<0.05 denotes significant main effect of <i>adolescent alcohol exposure</i>; (^#) p<0.05 denotes significant interaction between <i>adolescent alcohol exposure</i> and <i>sex</i>. (^a) p<0.05 and (^aa) p<0.01 denote significant differences compared to the respective control rats after <i>post hoc</i> tests; (^b) p<0.05 denotes significant differences compared to female alcohol-exposed rats after <i>post hoc</i> tests. The black arrows indicate positive cells. Abbreviations: RP = Red pulp; VS = Venous sinus; WP = White pulp.</p

Relative mRNA expression of endocannabinoid signaling-related proteins in the spleen of rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence and control rats grouped by sex.

<p>(A) CB₁ mRNA levels (fold change); (B) CB₂ mRNA levels (fold change); (C) PPARα mRNA levels (fold change); (D) NAPE-PLD mRNA levels (fold change); (E) DGLα mRNA levels (fold change); (F) DGLβ mRNA levels (fold change); (G) FAAH mRNA levels (fold change); (H) MGL mRNA levels (fold change); and (I) FAT/CD36 mRNA levels (fold change). The bars represent means ± SEM. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and significant main effects or interaction between factors was indicated as follows: (*) p<0.05 and (**) p<0.01 denote significant main effect of <i>adolescent alcohol exposure</i>; (^###) p<0.001 denotes significant interaction between <i>adolescent alcohol exposure</i> and <i>sex</i>. (^aaa) p<0.001 denotes significant differences compared to female control rats after <i>post hoc</i> tests; (^bbb) p<0.001 denotes significant differences compared to female alcohol-exposed rats after <i>post hoc</i> tests.</p

Biochemical parameters in the plasma and liver of rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence.

<p>Biochemical parameters in the plasma and liver of rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence.</p

A moderate diet restriction during pregnancy alters the levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related lipids in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and olfactory bulb of rat offspring in a sex-specific manner

<div><p>Undernutrition during pregnancy has been associated to increased vulnerability to develop metabolic and behavior alterations later in life. The endocannabinoid system might play an important role in these processes. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a moderate maternal calorie-restricted diet on the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), arachidonic acid (AA) and the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in the brain of newborn rat offspring. We focused on brain structures involved in metabolism, feeding behavior, as well as emotional and cognitive responses. Female Wistar rats were assigned during the entire pregnancy to either control diet (C) or restriction diet (R), consisting of a 20% calorie-restricted diet. Weight gain and caloric intake of rat dams were monitored and birth outcomes were assessed. 2-AG, AA and NAE levels were measured in hypothalamus, hippocampus and olfactory bulb of the offspring. R dams displayed lower gain weight from the middle pregnancy and consumed less calories during the entire pregnancy. Offspring from R dams were underweight at birth, but litter size was unaffected. In hypothalamus, R male offspring displayed decreased levels of AA and OEA, with no change in the levels of the endocannabinoids 2-AG and AEA. R female exhibited decreased 2-AG and PEA levels. The opposite was found in the hippocampus, where R male displayed increased 2-AG and AA levels, and R female exhibited elevated levels of AEA, AA and PEA. In the olfactory bulb, only R female presented decreased levels of AEA, AA and PEA. Therefore, a moderate diet restriction during the entire pregnancy alters differentially the endocannabinoids and/or endocannabinoid-related lipids in hypothalamus and hippocampus of the underweight offspring, similarly in both sexes, whereas sex-specific alterations occur in the olfactory bulb. Consequently, endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-related lipid signaling alterations might be involved in the long-term and sexual dimorphism effects commonly observed after undernutrition and low birth weight.</p></div

Endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-related lipid levels in the hypothalamus of female offspring at birth.

<p>Anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the hypothalamus of female offspring (A-D) from control dams (n = 10) and calorie-restricted dams (n = 10) at birth (open bars and solid bars, respectively). Values are expressed as mean +/- SEM. Data were analyzed by Student´s <i>t</i>-test (B, D) or Mann Whitney´s U test (A, C): *<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-related lipid levels in the olfactory bulb of female offspring at birth.

<p>Anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the olfactory bulb of female offspring (A-D) from control dams (n = 9) and calorie-restricted dams (n = 10) at birth (open bars and solid bars, respectively).Values are expressed as mean +/- SEM. Data were analyzed by Student´s <i>t</i>-test: *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effect of gestational calorie-restriction on rat dams and birth outcomes.

<p>Experiments started the following day of mating. Calorie-restricted rat dams (n = 7) received 80% of control dams (n = 4) food intake according to body weight, which was measured daily (restriction of 20%). Calorie-restricted diet lasted until birth. Figures A and B describe the cumulative weight gain (g) and cumulative caloric intake (Kcal/Kg), respectively, of control (open triangles) and calorie-restricted (solid circles) dams during pregnancy. At PN0 (birth day), litter size was evaluated and pups were sexed and weighed. Figures C and D describe the absolute body weight (g) and litter size, respectively, of offspring from control dams (n = 30) and offspring from calorie-restricted dams (n = 47) at birth (open and solid bars, respectively). Values are expressed as mean +/- SEM. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons (A, B), and Student´<i>t</i> test (C, D): *<i>p</i><0.05, ***<i>p</i><0.001.</p