Análisis Cualitativo, cuantitativo y comparación de las especies fúngicas presentes en el interior de las casas y edificios, durante las épocas seca y lluviosa en el área de San Salvador

En el presente estudio se muestrearon cuatro tipos de edificaciones: Mercado, Residencia, Fábrica, y Almacén, en las que se expusieron cajas de petri conteniendo agar Saboraud como medio de cultivo durante diez minuto. luego las cajas fueron incubadas a temperatura ambiente por cinco días. Posteriormente se hizo un análisis cuali- cuantitativo de las 1216 colonias obtenidas, de las cuáles 733 colonias corresponden a la época seca y 483 a la húmeda. Las 1216 colonias colonias resultaron pertenecer a 28 28 especies de las cuales, 26 son de la subdivisión Deuteromycotina y 2 de la Zygomycotina. Las especies dominantes fueron Cladosporium herbarum, Cladosporium sp. y Micelio esteéril cristalino en todas las clases de edificaciones estudiadas. Con excepción del almacén , las comunidades de esporas fúngicas en las diferentes clases de edificaciones presentan presentan la estructura característic de las cumunidades bióticas naturales, en las que pocas especies son comunes y la mayoría ocacionales. Comparando las comunidades de hongos en las cuatro clases de edificaciones. se determinó que, en términos generales cada lugar posee su propia flora fúngica. Al comparar los número de esporas en las estaciones del año, se pudo establecer que solamente en el almacén el número de esporas es mayor en la época húmeda que en la seca. En los otros lugares el número fué mayor en la época seca, pero estadísticamente sólo hubo diferencia significativa en la fábrica

Convivencia escolar como una finalidad de la educación: Un análisis de la política educativa chilena

In this article the Chilean public school policies on school social intercourse is reviewed from the outlook of the various legislative and programmatic initiatives on the subject, in order to analyze and reflect on the implications this has for the educational practices in schools. For this, different conceptualizations of conviviality and the educational policies implemented are considered within the framework of the current legislation and school life participation policies in schools. Finally, it is proposed that conviviality must position itself as a purpose of education itself and not only as a means for achieving results in the various sectors of learning, being necessary to generate daily actions in the school system aimed at this goal.El presente artículo presenta una revisión de la política pública chilena relativa a la convivencia escolar, desde la perspectiva de las diferentes iniciativas legislativas y programáticas respecto del tema, con el objetivo de analizar críticamente en torno a las implicancias que ésta tiene para las prácticas educativas en los establecimientos educacionales del país. Para lo anterior, se consideran diferentes conceptualizaciones de convivencia y las políticas educativas implementadas en el marco de la actual legislación, así como la política de convivencia escolar y de participación en el ámbito escolar. Finalmente se plantea que la convivencia debe posicionarse como un fin de la educación en sí mismo y no sólo como un medio para la consecución de resultados en los distintos sectores de aprendizaje, siendo necesario generar acciones cotidianas en la institución escolar orientadas a esta meta

Incubation Period of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome

The potential incubation period from exposure to onset of symptoms was 7–39 days (median 18 days) in 20 patients with a defined period of exposure to Andes virus in a high-risk area. This period was 14–32 days (median 18 days) in 11 patients with exposure for <48 hours

Highly Differentiated, Resting Gn-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells Persist Years after Infection by Andes Hantavirus

In man, infection with South American Andes virus (ANDV) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). HCPS due to ANDV is endemic in Southern Chile and much of Argentina and increasing numbers of cases are reported all over South America. A case-fatality rate of about 36% together with the absence of successful antiviral therapies urge the development of a vaccine. Although T-cell responses were shown to be critically involved in immunity to hantaviruses in mouse models, no data are available on the magnitude, specificity and longevity of ANDV-specific memory T-cell responses in patients. Using sets of overlapping peptides in IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, we herein show in 78 Chilean convalescent patients that Gn-derived epitopes were immunodominant as compared to those from the N- and Gc-proteins. Furthermore, while the relative contribution of the N-specific response significantly declined over time, Gn-specific responses remained readily detectable ex vivo up to 13 years after the acute infection. Tetramer analysis further showed that up to 16.8% of all circulating CD3+CD8+ T cells were specific for the single HLA-B*3501-restricted epitope Gn465–473 years after the acute infection. Remarkably, Gn465–473–specific cells readily secreted IFN-γ, granzyme B and TNF-α but not IL-2 upon stimulation and showed a ‘revertant’ CD45RA+CD27−CD28−CCR7−CD127− effector memory phenotype, thereby resembling a phenotype seen in other latent virus infections. Most intriguingly, titers of neutralizing antibodies increased over time in 10/17 individuals months to years after the acute infection and independently of whether they were residents of endemic areas or not. Thus, our data suggest intrinsic, latent antigenic stimulation of Gn-specific T-cells. However, it remains a major task for future studies to proof this hypothesis by determination of viral antigen in convalescent patients. Furthermore, it remains to be seen whether Gn-specific T cells are critical for viral control and protective immunity. If so, Gn-derived immunodominant epitopes could be of high value for future ANDV vaccines

Convivencia escolar como una finalidad de la educación: Un análisis de la política educativa chilena

In this article the Chilean public school policies on school social intercourse is reviewed from the outlook of the various legislative and programmatic initiatives on the subject, in order to analyze and reflect on the implications this has for the educational practices in schools. For this, different conceptualizations of conviviality and the educational policies implemented are considered within the framework of the current legislation and school life participation policies in schools. Finally, it is proposed that conviviality must position itself as a purpose of education itself and not only as a means for achieving results in the various sectors of learning, being necessary to generate daily actions in the school system aimed at this goal.El presente artículo presenta una revisión de la política pública chilena relativa a la convivencia escolar, desde la perspectiva de las diferentes iniciativas legislativas y programáticas respecto del tema, con el objetivo de analizar críticamente en torno a las implicancias que ésta tiene para las prácticas educativas en los establecimientos educacionales del país. Para lo anterior, se consideran diferentes conceptualizaciones de convivencia y las políticas educativas implementadas en el marco de la actual legislación, así como la política de convivencia escolar y de participación en el ámbito escolar. Finalmente se plantea que la convivencia debe posicionarse como un fin de la educación en sí mismo y no sólo como un medio para la consecución de resultados en los distintos sectores de aprendizaje, siendo necesario generar acciones cotidianas en la institución escolar orientadas a esta meta

Integración : revista sobre ceguera y deficiencia visual

Resumen tomado de la publicación. El trabajo obtuvo el primer premio del 'XIII Concurso de Investigación Educativa sobre Experiencias Escolares', convocado en 1999 por la ONCESe describen y analizan las actividades de aproximación al sistema braille realizadas con un grupo de niños videntes de Educación Infantil (de 3 a 5 años de edad), con el fin de anticipar tempranamente el conocimiento de la ceguera y del código de lectoescritura braille, fomentando así actitudes solidarias con las personas diferentes y sus instrumentos culturales. Se destacan los objetivos de la actividad en el proyecto curricular de ciclo, y se presenta la metodología de trabajo, basada fundamentalmente en la planificación de las actividades, el registro y análisis de las sesiones, y la evaluación del trabajo de los alumnos. Se describe detalladamente la secuencia de actividades, por sesiones y niveles educativos, y se subraya la valoración totalmente positiva de la experiencia.MadridUniversidad de Salamanca. Facultad de Educación; Paseo Canalejas, 169; 37008 Salamanca; Tel. +34923294630; +34923294609; [email protected]

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hantavirus disease and acceptance of a vaccine trial in rural communities of southern Chile

Andes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, transmitted by Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, has no approved treatment, a case fatality rate of 35%, and documented person-to-person transmission. An Andes vaccine, highly needed for prevention, is in development. We aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding hantavirus disease and willingness to participate in a future Andes vaccine trials through a cross sectional face-to-face oral survey of a randomly selected adult sample from 2 rural communes in southern Chile. Human subjects approval was obtained from our institutional IRBs, and participants signed informed consent. We enrolled 319 subjects from Corral and 321 from Curarrehue; 98% had heard about hantavirus disease and its reservoir but only half knew about transmission, symptoms and prevention. Participants fear the disease but are only partially aware of their own risk. One third of participants reported presence of rodents inside their homes. Despite moderate confidence in their health system, most subjects perceived vaccines as beneficial, and 93% would accept an approved hantavirus vaccine. Half would agree to participate in a vaccine trial and 29% would allow their children to participate. Motivations to participate were mainly altruistic, while risk perception was the main reason for declining. Knowledge about hantavirus disease and prevention practices require reinforcement, and a vaccine trial seems feasible in these populations

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome , Southern Chile, 1995–2012

Hantavirus is endemic to the Region de Los Lagos in southern Chile; its incidence is 8.5 times higher in the communes of the Andean area than in the rest of the region. We analyzed the epidemiologic aspects of the 103 cases diagnosed by serology and the clinical aspects of 80 hospitalized patients during 1995–2012. Cases in this region clearly predominated during winter, whereas in the rest of the country, they occur mostly during summer. Mild, moderate, and severe disease was observed, and the case-fatality rate was 32%. Shock caused death in 75% of those cases; high respiratory frequency and elevated creatinine plasma level were independent factors associated with death. Early clinical suspicion, especially in rural areas, should prompt urgent transfer to a hospital with an intensive care unit and might help decrease the high case-fatality rate