exp. 1 incl. fem. data of col. f

see read me fil

exp. 2 for graph

see read me fil

exp. 1 excl. fem. data of col. f

see read me fil

exp. 3

see read me fil

exp. 2 for analysis

see read me fil

exp. 2 for analysis

see read me fil

Probability of surviving until day 7 of virgin queens in cages with and without attendants, across the other treatments.

<p>Probability of surviving until day 7 of virgin queens in cages with and without attendants, across the other treatments.</p

Cage types used in the experiment, top (A) and side (B) view.

<p>“Three-hole” wooden cage (left) and “Puzzle” plastic cage (right).</p

Survival of virgin queens during the first seven days of adult life under specified conditions.

<p>Survival of virgin queens during the first seven days of adult life under specified conditions.</p

Distribution and density of foraging locations as determined by waggle dances.

<p>Each dance is simulated 1000 times to incorporate the error inherent in dance information. Colour denotes how many dances fall within 25×25 m bins. Black circles are 3 and 5 km from the hive locations (centre black dot). White circles indicate the areas corresponding to the 90^th and 50^th foraging distance percentiles. Foraging range, containing a diversity of urban and rural land-types, extends the furthest (<b>A, D</b>) during summer (August 2009, n = 439×1000 dances; July 2010, n = 340×1000 dances), less far (<b>B, E</b>) in autumn (October 2009, n = 401×1000 dances; October 2010, n = 231×1000 dances), and least far (<b>C, F</b>) in early spring (March 2010, n = 114×1000 dances; March 2011, n = 195×1000 dances) when flowers are readily available.</p