Ruminal bacterial community change in response to diet-induced variation of ruminal trans-10 fatty acids

Trans fatty acids (FA) are produced during the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the rumen. Because of their health‐promoting properties, trans‐11 isomers, which are usually the most abundant biohydrogenation intermediates, are most desirable (1). However, in high yielding dairy cows, when high concentrate diets containing fat are fed to cows, a shift from trans‐11 to trans‐10 FA can occur, therefore, trans‐10 isomers can become the predominant biohydrogenation intermediates, inducing milk fat depression in dairy cows(2) and having possible detrimental effects on human health(3). The aim of this work was to study the bacterial community dynamics in response to diet‐induced trans‐10 FA shift

Temperature and duration of heating of sunflower oil affect ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in vitro

Sunflower oil heated at 110 or 150°C for 1, 3, or 6 h was incubated with ruminal content in order to investigate the effects of temperature and duration of heating of oil on the ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in vitro. When increased, these 2 parameters acted together to decrease the disappearance of linoleic acid in the media by inhibiting the isomerization of linoleic acid, which led to a decrease in conjugated linoleic acids and trans-C18:1 production. Nevertheless, trans-10 isomer production increased with heating temperature, suggesting an activation of Δ9-isomerization, whereas trans-11 isomer production decreased, traducing an inhibition of Δ12-isomerization. The amount of peroxides generated during heating was correlated with the proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates so that they might explain, at least in part, the observed effects. The effects of heating temperature and duration on ruminal bacteria community was assessed using capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism. Ruminal bacterial population significantly differed according to heating temperature, but was not affected by heating duration. Heating of fat affected ruminal biohydrogenation, at least in part because of oxidative products generated during heating, by altering enzymatic reactions and bacterial population

Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles

This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors

Hospital staff shortage : the role of the competitiveness of pay of different groups of nursing staff on staff shortage

This work was supported by the Medical Research Council under grant number G0800113-2.Peer reviewedPostprin

Hospital Staff Shortage: the Role of the Competitiveness of Pay of Different Groups of Nursing Staff on Staff Shortage. Hospital Staff Shortage: the Role of the Competitiveness of Pay of Different Groups of Nursing Staff on Staff Shortage

International audienceShortages of nursing staff in OECD countries have been a preoccupation for policy makers. Shortages of staff may be the consequence of uncompetitive pay. In the private sector, employers in different regions can offer different pay rates to reflect local amenities and cost of living. Hospitals in the UK however cannot set the pay for their employees, and as a result they might therefore incur staff shortages. Moreover, occupational groups do not operate in isolation. Shortages of staff may also be the consequence of the competitiveness of pay of an alternative group of staff. This is investigated using two distinct groups of nursing staff: assistant nurses and registered nurses working in English hospitals in 2003-5 using national-level data-sets. We find that an increase by 10% of the pay competitiveness of registered nurses decreases the shortage of both the registered nurses and of assistant nurses by 0.6% and 0.4% respectively

From high throughput 454 GS FLX data analysis process of 16S RNA gene sequences using barcoding to bacterial community exploration

From high throughput 454 GS FLX data analysis process of 16S RNA gene sequences using barcoding to bacterial community exploratio

The ruminal level of trans-10 fatty acids of dairy cows is linked to the composition of bacterial community

The ruminal level of trans-10 fatty acids of dairy cows is linked to the composition of bacterial communit

Off-target and tumor-specific accumulation of monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells after systemic injection

Solid tumors frequently coexist with a degree of local chronic inflammation. Recruited myeloid cells can therefore be considered as interesting vehicles for tumor-targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Using in vivo imaging, the short-term accumulation of systemically injected monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was compared in mice bearing fat pad mammary carcinomas. Monocytes and macrophages demonstrated almost identical in vivo and ex vivo distribution patterns with maximal tumor-associated accumulation seen 48 hours after injection that remained stable over the 4-day follow-up period. However, a substantial accumulation of both cell types was also seen in the liver, spleen and lungs albeit decreasing over time in all three locations. The MDSCs exhibited a similar distribution pattern as the monocytes and macrophages, but demonstrated a better relative on-target fraction over time. Overall, our findings highlight off-target cell accumulation as a major obstacle in the use of myeloid cells as vehicles for therapeutic tumor-targeted agents and indicate that their short-term on-target accumulation is mainly of nonspecific nature

Etude par pyroséquençage haut débit (454) de l’implantation des bactéries au niveau du rumen du veau laitier, de sa naissance au sevrage

Objectif : Décrire la séquence temporelle d'implantation de la population bactérienne au niveau du rumen chez le veau, de la naissance jusqu'au sevrage, via des outils de microbiologie moléculaire

Eigenschappen en toekomstperspectieven van mesenchymale stamcellen bij honden

The therapeutic use of canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSC) is rapidly expanding. MSC are stromal cells, which show multipotent stem cell properties in vitro. They possess trophic, immunoregulatory, antimicrobial and hematopoiesis-supportive properties. Moreover, injected MSC are able to migrate to sites of hypoxia and inflammation. Recently, more evidence has become available showing that MSC may originate from pericytes. Different microenvironments as well as non-standardized methods for their isolation and expansion lead to heterogeneous cell populations. Further research is essential in order to use these promising therapies without restrictions in dogs