La mujer y la publicidad: La evolución de la representación femenina en piezas publicitarias de Pilsen y Claro en el Perú (2010-2019)

Esta investigación busca precisar los cambios en la representación femenina en comerciales de dos marcas peruanas, Pilsen y Claro, lanzados entre los años 2010 y 2019. Mediante la técnica de observación, se analizaron un total de cincuenta piezas publicitarias en donde se perciba la presencia de un personaje femenino de manera visual y / o tácita, a partir de seis categorías de investigaciones relevantes acerca del tema. Los resultados indicaron que existe una nueva perspectiva a favor de la imagen de la mujer en la publicidad peruana; sin embargo, estos medios continúan promoviendo nociones ambivalentes que perpetúan los sesgos entre géneros. La publicidad actúa como una influencia formativa dentro de nuestra cultura, que ha demostrado transformar y evolucionar según los cambios sociales y culturales.This study seeks to specify the changes in the female representation in commercials of two Peruvian brands, Pilsen and Claro, launched between 2010 and 2019. Through the observation technique, a total of fifty advertising pieces were analyzed in which the presence of a female character visually and / or implicitly, from 6 categories of relevant research on the subject. The results indicated that there is a new perspective in favor of the image of women in Peruvian advertising; however, ads continue to promote ambivalent notions that perpetuate gender biases. Advertising acts as a formative influence within our culture, which has been shown to transform and evolve according to social and cultural changes

Desarrollo de habilidades gerenciales

En esta investigación dentro del marco de seminario de graduación hemos presentado el tema administración y como subtema desarrollo de habilidades gerenciales. El objetivo general es comprender el desarrollo de habilidades gerenciales como elemento determinante en una empresa y cómo influyen en el equipo de trabajo para que estos velen por el buen desempeño de la organización. La realización de este trabajo es para profundizar los conocimientos acerca de las habilidades gerenciales y la importancia de la habilidad de generar y manipular ideas la cual es la tarea de los grandes líderes, la necesidad de esta yace en las nuevas condiciones internas y externas de la organización. Por otra parte, la metodología empleada en este informe son las investigaciones realizadas en diferentes fuentes bibliográficas de diversos autores y sitios web, basándonos en las normativas de seminario de graduación en (UNAN Managua) de igual forma aplicando normas APA de sexta edición javeriano, reglamento en el departamento de administración de empresas, con rubricas que nos facilitó el docente Horacio Rafael Miranda Ríos, sirviendo como una guía metodológica para las generaciones futura

Del clóset a la pequeña pantalla, el rol homosexual en la época de la insensibilización de los medios reproductivos

El presente trabajo de investigación se centra en identificar las diferencias y características del tratamiento de personajes homosexuales y su rol en las ficciones televisivas durante el periodo 1980-1990 comparado con el periodo 2006-2016. Para ello, se seleccionaron personajes homosexuales de tres series de televisión nacional en señal abierta: “Al Fondo Hay Sitio”, “Graffiti” y “Valiente Amor”. Asimismo, se determinaron los principales estereotipos representados en la comunidad LGTBIQ+ y su impacto en la televisión; se analizó el tratamiento de la imagen homosexual durante la década de los 80 en el Perú, y luego se comparó con el tratamiento durante el periodo 2006-2016. La metodología empleada consistió en un análisis cualitativo de las ficciones y, después, una recolección de opiniones a través de cuatro grupos focales. Se encontró la particularidad de un estereotipo peruano que denominamos “burlesco”

Decreased Dengue Replication and an Increased Anti-viral Humoral Response with the use of Combined Toll-Like Receptor 3 and 7/8 Agonists in Macaques

Pathogenic versus protective outcomes to Dengue virus (DENV) infection are associated with innate immune function. This study aimed to determine the role of increased TLR3- and TLR7/8-mediated innate signaling after Dengue infection of rhesus macaques in vivo to evaluate its impact on disease and anti-DENV immune responses.TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists (emulsified in Montanide) were administered subcutaneously to rhesus macaques at 48 hours and 7 days after DENV infection. The Frequency and activation of myeloid dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells were measured by flow cytometry while the serum levels of 14 different cytokines and chemokines were quantified. Adaptive immune responses were measured by DENV-specific antibody subtype measurements. Results showed that the combined TLR agonists reduced viral replication and induced the development of a proinflammatory reaction, otherwise absent in Dengue infection alone, without any clear signs of exacerbated disease. Specifically, the TLR-induced response was characterized by activation changes in mDC subsets concurrent with higher serum levels of CXCL-10 and IL-1Ra. TLR stimulation also induced higher titers of anti-DENV antibodies and acted to increase the IgG2/IgG1 ratio of anti-DENV to favor the subtype associated with DENV control. We also observed an effect of DENV-mediated suppression of mDC activation consistent with prior in vitro studies.These data show that concurrent TLR3/7/8 activation of the innate immune response after DENV infection in vivo acts to increase antiviral mechanisms via increased inflammatory and humoral responses in rhesus macaques, resulting in decreased viremia and melioration of the infection. These findings underscore an in vivo protective rather than a pathogenic role for combined TLR3/7/8-mediated activation in Dengue infection of rhesus macaques. Our study provides definitive proof-of-concept into the mechanism by which DENV evades immune recognition and activation in vivo

Caudal counter-represses Hunchback to regulateeven-skippedstripe 2 expression in Drosophila embryos

Hunchback is a bifunctional transcription factor that can activate and repress gene expression in Drosophila development. We investigated the regulatory DNA sequence features that control Hunchback function by perturbing enhancers for one of its target genes, even-skipped . While Hunchback directly represses the eve stripe 3+7 enhancer, we found that in the eve stripe 2+7 enhancer, Hunchback repression is prevented by Caudal binding—this relationship is called counter-repression. We found evidence that this relationship is conserved by comparing predicted binding sites for Hunchback and Caudal across orthologous eve stripe 2 enhancers. These results alter the textbook view of eve stripe 2 regulation wherein Hb is depicted as a direct activator. Instead, to generate stripe 2, Hunchback repression must be counteracted by Caudal binding. We discuss the implications of this interaction for eve stripe 2 regulation and evolution

A mutation in theDrosophila melanogaster evestripe 2 minimal enhancer is buffered by flanking sequences

Enhancers are DNA sequences composed of transcription factor binding sites that drive complex patterns of gene expression in space and time. Until recently, studying enhancers in their genomic context was technically challenging. Therefore, minimal enhancers, the shortest pieces of DNA that can drive an expression pattern that resembles a gene’s endogenous pattern, are often used to study features of enhancer function. However, evidence suggests that some enhancers require sequences outside the minimal enhancer to maintain function under environmental perturbations. We hypothesized that these additional sequences also prevent misexpression caused by a transcription factor binding site mutation within a minimal enhancer. Using the Drosophila melanogaster even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer as a case study, we tested the effect of a Giant binding site mutation (gt-2) on the expression patterns driven by minimal and extended enhancer reporter constructs. We found that, in contrast to the misexpression caused by the gt-2 binding site mutation in the minimal enhancer, the same gt-2 binding site mutation in the extended enhancer did not have an effect on expression. The buffering of expression levels, but not expression pattern, is partially explained by an additional Giant binding site outside the minimal enhancer. Mutating the gt-2 binding site in the endogenous locus had no significant effect on stripe 2 expression. Our results indicate that rules derived from mutating enhancer reporter constructs may not represent what occurs in the endogenous context

Caudal counter-represses Hunchback to regulate even-skipped stripe 2 expression in Drosophila embryos

Hunchback is a bifunctional transcription factor that can activate and repress gene expression in Drosophila development. We investigated the regulatory DNA sequence features that control Hunchback function by perturbing enhancers for one of its target genes, even-skipped . While Hunchback directly represses the eve stripe 3+7 enhancer, we found that in the eve stripe 2+7 enhancer, Hunchback repression is prevented by Caudal binding—this relationship is called counter-repression. We found evidence that this relationship is conserved by comparing predicted binding sites for Hunchback and Caudal across orthologous eve stripe 2 enhancers. These results alter the textbook view of eve stripe 2 regulation wherein Hb is depicted as a direct activator. Instead, to generate stripe 2, Hunchback repression must be counteracted by Caudal binding. We discuss the implications of this interaction for eve stripe 2 regulation and evolution