State of Planetary Science Profession - Demographics

These slides present data on demographics on the planetary science research community that were gathered to support the State of the Profession Writing Group of the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032.</p

The crucial role of HST during the NASA Juno mission: a "Juno initiative"

In 2016, the NASA Juno spacecraft will initiate its one-year mission around Jupiter and become the first probe to explore the polar regions of Jupiter. The HST UV instruments (STIS and ACS) can greatly contribute to the success of the Juno mission by providing key complementary views of Jupiter's UV aurora from Earth orbit. Juno carries an ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) and an infrared spectral mapper (JIRAM) that will obtain high-resolution spectral images providing the auroral counterpart to Juno's in situ particles and fields measurements with the plasma JADE and JEDI particle detectors. The Juno mission will be the first opportunity to measure simultaneously the energetic particles at high latitude and the auroral emissions they produce. Following programmatic and technical limitations, the amount of UVS data transmitted to Earth will be severely restricted. Therefore, it is of extreme importance that HST captures as much additional information as possible on Jupiter's UV aurora during the one-year life of the Juno mission. This white paper is a plea for a "Juno initiative" that will ensure that a sufficient number of orbits is allocated to this unique solar system mission.Comment: Paper submitted to the Space Telescope Science Institute in response to the call for HST White Papers for Hubble's 2020 Visio

Ganymede MHD Model: Magnetospheric Context for Juno's PJ34 Flyby

On June 7th, 2021 the Juno spacecraft visited Ganymede and provided the first in situ observations since Galileo's last flyby in 2000. The measurements obtained along a one-dimensional trajectory can be brought into global context with the help of three-dimensional magnetospheric models. Here we apply the magnetohydrodynamic model of Duling et al. (2014) to conditions during the Juno flyby. In addition to the global distribution of plasma variables we provide mapping of Juno's position along magnetic field lines, Juno's distance from closed field lines and detailed information about the magnetic field's topology. We find that Juno did not enter the closed field line region and that the boundary between open and closed field lines on the surface matches the poleward edges of the observed auroral ovals. To estimate the sensitivity of the model results, we carry out a parameter study with different upstream plasma conditions and other model parameters

Report of the President, Bowdoin College 1914-1915

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/presidents-reports/1023/thumbnail.jp

Jupiter’s auroras during the Juno approach phase as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope

We present movies of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of Jupiter’s FUV auroras observed during the Juno approach phase and first capture orbit, and compare with Juno observations of the interplanetary medium near Jupiter and inside the magnetosphere. Jupiter’s FUV auroras indicate the nature of the dynamic processes occurring in Jupiter’s magnetosphere, and the approach phase provided a unique opportunity to obtain a full set of interplanetary data near to Jupiter at the time of a program of HST observations, along with the first simultaneous with Juno observations inside the magnetosphere. The overall goal was to determine the nature of the solar wind effect on Jupiter’s magnetosphere. HST observations were obtained with typically 1 orbit per day over three intervals: 16 May – 7 June, 22-30 June and 11-18 July, i.e. while Juno was in the solar wind, around the bow shock and magnetosphere crossings, and in the mid-latitude middle-outer magnetospheres. We show that these intervals are characterised by particularly dynamic polar auroras, and significant variations in the auroral power output caused by e.g. dawn storms, intense main emission and poleward forms. We compare the variation of these features with Juno observations of interplanetary compression regions and the magnetospheric environment during the intervals of these observations

Jupiter observations at infrared wavelengths by Juno

The Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) [1] on board the Juno [2,3] spacecraft, is equipped with an infrared camera and a spectrometer working in the spectral range 2-5 _m. JIRAM was built to study the infrared aurora of Jupiter and to map the planet's atmosphere in the 5 μm spectral region. Its spectroscopic observations in the 2-5 μm range can be used for studying atmospheric dynamics, clouds and measuring the abundance of certain trace species that are important to atmospheric chemistry, microphysics and dynamics such as water, ammonia and phosphine and for the formation of the infrared aurora like the ion H3+.The instrument has operated during most of the Jupiter flybys since science mission started in August 2016 performing several observations of the of the planet from the equator to poles. Unprecedented views of the polar atmospheric structures and auroras have been observed for the first time thanks special nature of Juno's orbit. We present an overview of the most significant observations done by the instrument since the start of the mission.[1] Adriani A. et al., JIRAM, the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper. Space Sci. Rew., DOI 10.1007/s11214-014-0094-y, 2014.[2] Bolton S.J. et al., Jupiter's interior and deep atmosphere: The initial pole-to-pole passes with the Juno spacecraft. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2108, 2017.[3] Connerney J. E.P. et al., Jupiter's magnetosphere and aurorae observed by the Juno spacecraft during its first polar orbits. Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5928, 2017

Alternating North‐South Brightness Ratio of Ganymede's Auroral Ovals: Hubble Space Telescope Observations Around the Juno PJ34 Flyby

peer reviewedWe report results of Hubble Space Telescope observations from Ganymede's orbitally trailing side which were taken around the flyby of the Juno spacecraft on 7 June 2021. We find that Ganymede's northern and southern auroral ovals alternate in brightness such that the oval facing Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma sheet is brighter than the other one. This suggests that the generator that powers Ganymede's aurora is the momentum of the Jovian plasma sheet north and south of Ganymede's magnetosphere. Magnetic coupling of Ganymede to the plasma sheet above and below the moon causes asymmetric magnetic stresses and electromagnetic energy fluxes ultimately powering the auroral acceleration process. No clear statistically significant timevariability of the auroral emission on short time scales of 100s could be resolved. We show that electron energy fluxes of several tens of mW m−2 are required for its OI 1,356 Å emission making Ganymede a very poor auroral emitter

First Hubble Space Telescope Movies of Jupiter’s Ultraviolet Aurora During the NASA Juno Prime Mission

The primary goal of this HST campaign is to complement Juno-UVS (Ultraviolet Spectrograph) observations. This complementarity is four-fold as HST observes Jupiter’s aurora when: 1) Juno-UVS is turned off, that is about 98% of Juno’s 14-day orbit, and Juno’s in situ instruments are in operation. 2) Juno-UVS is operating, but observes the opposite hemisphere of Jupiter. 3) UVS is on in the same hemisphere, but too close to Jupiter to have a global, contextual, view of the aurora and/or UVS is affected by the noise induced by Jupiter’s radiation belts. 4) Juno is too far from Jupiter to get a detailed view of the aurora. In addition, HST will observe the auroral and airglow emissions of the Galilean moons Io, Ganymede and Europa, when UVS is measuring their auroral footprints in Jupiter’s ionosphere. During this campaign, HST is obtaining 45-min STIS time-tag images -movies- of both hemispheres of Jupiter and STIS/COS spectra of Jupiter's moons. These observations are taking place during 4 sequences of Juno's orbit (Figure: typical orbit in magnetic coordinates): 1) Perijove segment: a 6-hour sequence bracketing the time of Juno's closest approach of Jupiter. 2) Crossing segments: few hours periods during which Juno is crossing the magnetic equator of Jupiter and in situ instruments are observing the plasma sheet particles. 3) Perijove +/- 1 Jovian rotation (or more), to provide a context for the auroral activity before and after perijove. 4) Apojove segment: a 12-hour period bracketing the time when Juno is farthest from Jupiter and Juno-UVS is continuously monitoring the global auroral UV power of Jupiter. During Juno orbit PJ5, between 28 Nov. and 07 Dec. 2016, HST obtains 9 STIS movies: 3 movies of the northern aurora near perijove, 1 movie (north) one Jovian rotation before and 2 movies (south- north) one and two Jovian rotations after perijove, 2 movies (north) during two close CS crossings, and 1 movie near apojove. These movies will be commented during this presentation