On sharing responsibilities for pollution embodied in trade

National audienceIn this article, we propose a new way of assessing environmental responsibility at the country level, taking into account their trade balance in terms of carbon. Starting from the fact that the approach based on the respective responsibilities of the producer and the consumer, which are widely promoted and used in the literature, each have their own limitations, we introduce a modified formula for the net trade balance of carbon at the country level. To do this, we examine the extent to which trade flows for a given country increase or decrease global emissions relative to the virtual situation where imports would have been produced in the consumer country. We argue that it would be fair for countries to retain responsibility for the additional emissions they create when trading. We then discuss the incentives provided by the modified liability rule to reduce emission intensity and extend our formula to include trade in intermediate goods. Finally, we illustrate our concept using World Bank and OECD data on trade flows and emission intensity ratios. We characterize six groups of countries according to the respective order of their producer, consumer and our new liability rule.Dans cet article, nous proposons une nouvelle façon d’évaluer la responsabilité environnementale au niveau des pays en tenant compte de leur balance commerciale en terme de carbone. Partant du fait que l’approche fondée sur les responsabilités respectives du producteur et du consommateur, largement encouragées et utilisées dans la littérature, ont chacune leurs propres limites, nous introduisons une formule modifiée pour la balance commerciale nette du carbone au niveau du pays. Pour ce faire, nous examinons dans quelle mesure les flux commerciaux pour un pays donné augmentent ou diminuent les émissions mondiales par rapport à la situation virtuelle où les importations auraient été produites dans le pays de consommation. Nous soutenons qu’il serait juste que les pays conservent la responsabilité des émissions supplémentaires qu’ils créent lorsqu’ils font du commerce. Nous discutons ensuite des incitations apportées par la règle de responsabilité modifiée pour diminuer l’intensité en émissions et étendons notre formule pour inclure le commerce des biens intermédiaires. Enfin, nous illustrons notre concept à l’aide de données de la Banque mondiale et de l’OCDE sur les flux commerciaux et les ratios d’intensité en émissions. Nous caractérisons six groupes de pays en fonction de l’ordre respectif de leur responsabilité producteur, consommateur et de notre nouvelle règle de responsabilité

William Carleton. Le prophète noir : un récit de la famine en Irlande [traduction]

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Influence du niveau d'apport de soufre sur la synthèse d'acide ribonucléique et de protéines par les microorganismes du rumen en fermenteur semi-continu

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Managing intensive care units: Make LOVE, not war!

International audienceOBJECTIVE: Describe a program set up in a French intensive care unit (ICU) aimed at improving communication inside the team and communication information given to patients and their relatives; explain how those actions can improve communication inside the ICU and ultimately why it could improve patient's outcome. DESIGN AND METHODS: Position paper. INTERVENTION: Progressive implementation of multifaceted quality improvement program. RESULTS: The program Leadership, Ownership, Values, and Evaluation (LOVE) was developed over 10 years. It was usually well accepted by the members of the team, patients, and relatives, in particular the 24-hour visiting program that was prospectively evaluated. Information and decisions were shared with the patients or more often with the relatives, who became for some of them really "part of the team." Additional actions such as participation to some of the simplest cares by the families are under investigation. A prospective evaluation of such programs, although difficult to perform, remains probably necessary. CONCLUSION: Quality of life within the ICU is based on many factors including a strong and positive leadership, an absolute respect of individuals, and a rigorous evaluation of quality of care, which could influence heavily the quality of life in the ICU for patients, relatives, and health care professionals and facilitate team work. Whether this could really influence outcome remains to be demonstrated

INFLUENCE DE L'ÉLÉVATION DU TAUX DE MATIÈRE SÈCHE SUR L'ÉVOLUTION BIOCHIMIQUE ET BACTÉRIOLOGIQUE D'UNE LUZERNE CONSERVÉE PAR ENSILAGE

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Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antiobesity Properties, TC7-Cell Cytotoxicity and Uptake of Achyrocline satureioides (Marcela) Conventional and High Pressure-Assisted Extracts

International audienceThe growing incidence of non-communicable diseases makes the search for natural sources of bioactive compounds a priority for such disease prevention/control. Achyrocline satureioides (‘marcela’), a plant rich in polyphenols and native to Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina, could be used for this purpose. Data on its antidiabetic/antiobesity properties and cellular uptake of bioactive compounds are lacking. The potentiality of non-thermal technologies such as high-hydrostatic pressure (HP) to enhance polyphenol extraction retains attention. Thus, in the present study aqueous and ethanolic marcela extracts with/without assisted-HP processing were chemically characterized and assessed for their in vitro antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic and antiobesity activities, as well as cellular cytotoxicity and uptake on intestinal cell monolayers (TC7-cells, a clone of Caco-2 cells). Aqueous and ethanolic conventional extracts presented different polyphenolic profiles characterized mainly by phenolic acids or flavonoids, respectively, as stated by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analyses. In general, ethanolic extracts presented the strongest bioactive properties and HP had none or a negative effect on in vitro bioactivities comparing to conventional extracts. TC7-cell viability and cellular uptake demonstrated in conventional and HP-assisted extracts, highlighted the biological effects of marcela bioactive compounds on TC7-cell monolayers. TC7-cell studies showed no HP-induced cytotoxicity. In sum, marcela extracts have great potential as functional ingredients for the prevention/treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes

INFLUENCE D'UN TRAITEMENT HYDROTHERMIQUE DE L'ORGE SUR LA DIGESTION DES MATIÈRES AZOTÉES DANS LE RUMEN DU MOUTON : ÉTUDES AU NIVEAU DU RUMEN ET DE L'ABOMASUM

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