Schistosomiasis increases leukocyte adhesion to mesenteric endothelial cells <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Data expressed as the mean and S.E.M. <b>A.</b> Number of mononuclear leukocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayer obtained from control (white bar) and <i>S. mansoni-</i>infected mice (gray bar). *<i>P</i><0.05, Students <i>t</i> test. <b>B.</b> Number of mononuclear leukocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayer both from control mice in the absence (open white bar) or presence of TNF (0.1 ng/ml), TNF (0.1 ng/ml) plus SNAP (1 µM) or L-NNA (300 µM) treatment for 4 h. *<i>P</i><0.05 , One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison test. <b>C.</b> Number of mononuclear leukocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayer from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice in the absence (open gray bar) or presence of TNF (0.1 ng/ml) or TNF (0.1 ng/ml) plus SNAP (1 µM) treatment for 4 h. *<i>P</i><0.05, One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison test. <b>D.</b> Number of mononuclear leukocytes adhering to endothelial cell monolayer. White open bar  =  control endothelial cells (EC) incubated with mononuclear leukocytes (mono) from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice. Gray bar with horizontal lines  =  endothelial cells (EC) from infected mice incubated with control mononuclear leukocytes (mono). *<i>P</i><0.05, Student's <i>t</i> test. n = 16 replicates of a typical experiment. TNF  =  tumor necrosis fator; SNAP  =  S-Nitroso-N-Acety-DL-Penicillamine; L-NNA  =  N^G-nitro-L-Arginine.</p

Expression of eNOS and caveolin-1 in endothelial cells from control and <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice.

<p>C  =  control; I  =  infected. A refers to eNOS expression; B refers to caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression in confluent cultured mesenteric endothelial cells. <i>Insert</i>: Representative experiment of each experimental group. Rouge of Ponceau dye was used as an internal control of protein loading and did not differ among samples (data not shown). Data expressed as the mean and S.E.M. *<i>P</i> = 0.014 (Students <i>t</i> test), n = 3 (caveolin-1) or 5 (eNOS).</p

Nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells from control and <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice.

<p>Nitric oxide (NO) production by confluent mesenteric endothelial cells in response to 100 µM ATP and 2 µM A23187 was measured in living cells using the fluorescent probe DAF-FM (2.5 µM) and a microplate fluorometer. Control mice: white bars (open, horizontal and vertical lines). Infected mice: gray bars (open, horizontal and vertical lines). Data are expressed as the mean and S.E.M. of 6–7 experiments performed in triplicate obtained from four different cultures and from different animals (ATP condition) or four replicates of a typical experiment (A23187 condition). Basal NO production observed in the absence of ATP or A23187 was considered as 100%. *<i>P</i><0.05 vs. control mice; **<i>P</i><0.05 vs. A23187 treatment in control mice, One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison test.</p

21-Benzylidene Digoxin: A Proapoptotic Cardenolide of Cancer Cells That Up-Regulates Na,K-ATPase and Epithelial Tight Junctions

<div><p>Cardiotonic steroids are used to treat heart failure and arrhythmia and have promising anticancer effects. The prototypic cardiotonic steroid ouabain may also be a hormone that modulates epithelial cell adhesion. Cardiotonic steroids consist of a steroid nucleus and a lactone ring, and their biological effects depend on the binding to their receptor, Na,K-ATPase, through which, they inhibit Na⁺ and K⁺ ion transport and activate of several intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we added a styrene group to the lactone ring of the cardiotonic steroid digoxin, to obtain 21-benzylidene digoxin (21-BD), and investigated the effects of this synthetic cardiotonic steroid in different cell models. Molecular modeling indicates that 21-BD binds to its target Na,K-ATPase with low affinity, adopting a different pharmacophoric conformation when bound to its receptor than digoxin. Accordingly, 21-DB, at relatively high µM amounts inhibits the activity of Na,K-ATPase α₁, but not α₂ and α₃ isoforms. In addition, 21-BD targets other proteins outside the Na,K-ATPase, inhibiting the multidrug exporter Pdr5p. When used on whole cells at low µM concentrations, 21-BD produces several effects, including: 1) up-regulation of Na,K-ATPase expression and activity in HeLa and RKO cancer cells, which is not found for digoxin, 2) cell specific changes in cell viability, reducing it in HeLa and RKO cancer cells, but increasing it in normal epithelial MDCK cells, which is different from the response to digoxin, and 3) changes in cell-cell interaction, altering the molecular composition of tight junctions and elevating transepithelial electrical resistance of MDCK monolayers, an effect previously found for ouabain. These results indicate that modification of the lactone ring of digoxin provides new properties to the compound, and shows that the structural change introduced could be used for the design of cardiotonic steroid with novel functions.</p></div

21-BD regulates tight junctions.

<p>MDCK cells were cultured in transwell permeable supports and treated with 5, 10 and 50 µM 21-BD. (A) TER was measured as a function of time. The control TER data (white circles, dotted line) averaged 183±8 Ω.cm² (n = 13) and were normalized to 100%. 5 and 10 µM 21-BD provoke transient small increases of TER, while 50 µM 21-BD causes a stronger and a sustained TER increase (red circles). (B) MDCK cells were incubated 48 h with different concentrations of 21-BD (red symbols) or digoxin (green symbols). mRNA cell content of claudins -4 (circles) and -2 (triangles) were measured by quantitative real time PCR. (C) Protein cell content of the tight junction integral membrane proteins claudins -4 and -2 and the membrane-associated protein ZO-1 as a function of 21-BD concentration in the media for 48 h. Images from the left part of the figure C are representative immunoblots and the graph in the right part is the statistical analysis.</p

21-BD induces apoptosis in HeLa and CHO-K1 cells.

<p>(A) Score value obtained from the comet assay of CHO-K1 cells incubated 24 h with 21-BD at different concentrations (red circles). (B) Micronucleated cells percentage of CHO-K1 cultures incubated with 21-BD at different concentrations for 24 h. A 24 h incubation with 0.4 mM Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a control (A, B, blue circles). (C) Apoptotic and necrotic HeLa cells after 24 h of incubation in control media (white bars), media with 50 µM 21-BD (red bars) or 2 µM digoxin (green bars) for 24 h. Apoptosis and necrosis were detected by flow cytometry ussing an annexin-V translocation assay and the incorporation of propidium iodide in to the nucleus, respectively. <i>P</i><0.01.</p

High concentrations of 21-BD reduce cell viability of HeLa and RKO.

<p>HeLa (A) or RKO (B) cells were treated with digoxin (green symbols) or 21-BD (red symbols) for 24 (circles) or 48 (squares) h. Viability was measured by MTT reduction assay. 100 and 25 µM 21-BD induced the statistically significant reduction of HeLa and RKO viability, respectively (p<0.0084). Digoxin reduces HeLa viability starting with 150 µM for 24 h and 50 µM for 48 h (p<0.001). RKO cells have a higher sensitivity to digoxin that induces statistically significant differences starting from 1.6 µM for 48 h (p<0.0001).</p

21-BD increases the expression of Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells.

<p>(A) Protein cell content of the α₁ subunit of the Na,K-ATPase of confluent monolayers of MDCK cells grown on filters in control medium (white bar) or treated with different concentrations of 21-BD (red bars) for 48 h; upper part of the figure A shows representative immunoblots of the α₁ subunit of the Na,K-ATPase and actin, the lower part the densitometric analysis. (B and C) Na,K-ATPase α₁ subunit stained with a fluoresceinated antibody (B, C, white) or Topro (blue) to detect the nuclei.</p

21-BD effect on Na,K-ATPase and Pdr5p activity.

<p>(A) 21-BD competition of ³H-ouabain binding on HeLa cells; the control for maximal binding is represented with a white circle and a long dashed line, competition of ouabain and 21-BD is shown with blue and red circles respectively. (B) Inhibition of rat´s brain hemisphere Na,K-ATPase after 2 h incubation with digoxin (green circles) or 21-BD (red circles). (C) Effect of 21-BD on the Na,K-ATPase activity on proteins expressed in Sf9 insect cells, Na,K-ATPase activity was measured on Sf9 cells expressing the rat α₁ β₁ (orange circles) or β₁ (red circles) after 15 min treatment with the indicated concentrations of 21-BD. (D) Dose-response curve for the effects of 21-DB on Na,K-ATPase activity of mouse kidney membrane preparations. E) Effect of 21-BD (red circles) or digoxin (green circles) on the activity of the Pdr5p transporter.</p

21-BD increases Na,K-ATPase expression in cancer cells.

<p>(A) Na,K-ATPase activity after incubation of HeLa cells with 21-BD or digoxin for 48 h with different concentrations of 21-BD. B) mRNA content of the Na,K-ATPase α₁ and β₁ subunits of HeLa cells after 48 h incubation with various concentrations of 21-BD.</p