Are Cosmological Gas Accretion Streams Multiphase and Turbulent?

Simulations of cosmological filamentary accretion reveal flows ("streams") of warm gas, ~$10^4$ K, which are efficient in bringing gas into galaxies. We present a phenomenological scenario where gas in such flows -- if it is shocked as it enters the halo as we assume -- become biphasic and, as a result, turbulent. We consider a collimated stream of warm gas that flows into a halo from an over dense filament of the cosmic web. The post-shock streaming gas expands because it has a higher pressure than the ambient halo gas, and fragments as it cools. The fragmented stream forms a two phase medium: a warm cloudy phase embedded in hot post-shock gas. We argue that the hot phase sustains the accretion shock. A fraction of the initial kinetic energy of the infalling gas is converted into turbulence among and within the warm clouds. The thermodynamic evolution of the post-shock gas is largely determined by the relative timescales of several processes -- the cooling, the expansion of the post-shock gas, the amount of turbulence in the clouds, and the halo dynamics. We expect the gas to become multiphase when the cooling and dynamical times are of the same order-of-magnitude. In this framework, we show that this occurs in the important mass range of ~$10^{11}$ to $10^{13}$ M$_\odot$ , where the bulk of stars have formed in galaxies. Gas accreting along cosmic web filaments may eventually lose coherence and mix with the ambient halo gas. Through both the phase separation and "disruption" of the stream, the accretion efficiency onto a galaxy in a halo dynamical time is lowered. De-collimating flows make the direct interaction between galaxy feedback and accretion streams more likely, thereby further reducing the overall accretion efficiency. Moderating the gas accretion efficiency through these mechanisms may help to alleviate a number of significant challenges in theoretical galaxy formation.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to A&A, New version includes new figure

Interplay of dust alignment, grain growth and magnetic fields in polarization: lessons from the emission-to-extinction ratio

Polarized extinction and emission from dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) are hard to interpret, as they have a complex dependence on dust optical properties, grain alignment and magnetic field orientation. This is particularly true in molecular clouds. The data available today are not yet used to their full potential. The combination of emission and extinction, in particular, provides information not available from either of them alone. We combine data from the scientific literature on polarized dust extinction with Planck data on polarized emission and we use them to constrain the possible variations in dust and environmental conditions inside molecular clouds, and especially translucent lines of sight, taking into account magnetic field orientation. We focus on the dependence between \lambda_max -- the wavelength of maximum polarization in extinction -- and other observables such as the extinction polarization, the emission polarization and the ratio of the two. We set out to reproduce these correlations using Monte-Carlo simulations where the relevant quantities in a dust model -- grain alignment, size distribution and magnetic field orientation -- vary to mimic the diverse conditions expected inside molecular clouds. None of the quantities chosen can explain the observational data on its own: the best results are obtained when all quantities vary significantly across and within clouds. However, some of the data -- most notably the stars with low emission-to-extinction polarization ratio -- are not reproduced by our simulation. Our results suggest not only that dust evolution is necessary to explain polarization in molecular clouds, but that a simple change in size distribution is not sufficient to explain the data, and point the way for future and more sophisticated models

Far-infrared excess emission as a tracer of disk-halo interaction

Given the current and past star-formation in the Milky Way in combination with the limited gas supply, the re-fuelling of the reservoir of cool gas is an important aspect of Galactic astrophysics. The infall of \ion{H}{i} halo clouds can, among other mechanisms, contribute to solving this problem. We study the intermediate-velocity cloud IVC135+54 and its spatially associated high-velocity counterpart to look for signs of a past or ongoing interaction. Using the Effelsberg-Bonn \ion{H}{i} Survey data, we investigated the interplay of gas at different velocities. In combination with far-infrared Planck and IRIS data, we extended this study to interstellar dust and used the correlation of the data sets to infer information on the dark gas. The velocity structure indicates a strong compression and deceleration of the infalling high-velocity cloud (HVC), associated with far-infrared excess emission in the intermediate-velocity cloud. This excess emission traces molecular hydrogen, confirming that IVC135+54 is one of the very few molecular halo clouds. The high dust emissivity of IVC135+54 with respect to the local gas implies that it consists of disk material and does not, unlike the HVC, have an extragalactic origin. Based on the velocity structure of the HVC and the dust content of the IVC, a physical connection between them appears to be the logical conclusion. Since this is not compatible with the distance difference between the two objects, we conclude that this particular HVC might be much closer to us than complex C. Alternatively, the indicators for an interaction are misleading and have another origin.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Teoria del Mac Guffin (i II)

Abstract not availabl

Valorisation des terres rares : traitement de minerais, mise en solution et purification

Ce mémoire décrit des travaux de laboratoire visant à produire des solutions de terres rares (TR) purifiées à partir d’échantillons de deux gisements potentiels québécois. Ces solutions purifiées visent l’alimentation d’un circuit de séparation des éléments individuels de TR par extraction par solvant, qui permet leur valorisation. Le premier échantillon est un minerai silicaté, titrant 0,8 % TR, contenant de l’allanite comme porteur principal de TR. La lixiviation directe du minerai concassé, agité dans une solution d’acide sulfurique, à un dosage de 200 kg/t, permet de faire passer plus de 80 % des TR légères en solution. Une cinétique d’ordre 1 décrit le taux de lixiviation des TR légères. Le Fe et le Th peuvent être précipités par une oxydation suivie d’une neutralisation à un pH entre 3,5 et 5, puis séparés par filtration. Le deuxième minerai contient 1,5 % TR sous forme de bastnaésite et de monazite. La gangue est composée à 90 % de carbonates devant être rejetés pour éviter une surconsommation d’acide. Après un broyage à un P₈₀ de 33 μm, une flottation directe à 50 °C, utilisant 2000 g/t d’acide hydroxamique comme collecteur permet de récupérer 88 % des TR dans un concentré à 6,2 % TR ce qui dépasse la plupart des résultats obtenus jusqu’à présent avec ce minerai. La flottation des minéraux de TR suit une cinétique d’ordre 1 alors que la gangue est entraînée mécaniquement. Une conversion des minéraux en hydroxydes dans une solution de NaOH concentré chaud rend les TR plus solubles. Le solide ainsi obtenu peut être digéré au HCl jusqu’à un pH de 3, afin de lixivier sélectivement 95 % du lanthane, laissant 99,9 % du fer dans un résidu solide. Les travaux contribuent au développement de l’expertise québécoise dans le domaine de la métallurgie et de l’analyse des TR.This thesis documents laboratory testwork aiming to produce Rare Earth Elements (REE) purified solutions from two potential ore sources from the Québec province. These solutions would eventually feed a solvent extraction circuit to separate and produce sellable REE. The first sample is a silicate-based ore and has a grade of 0.8 % total REE contained mainly in allanite, a REE hydroxy-silicate. Direct H₂SO₄ leaching of crushed ore, at a dosage of 200 kg/t solubilises more than 80% of the light REE. The extraction rate can be described by a first-order kinetic model. Fe and Th can be selectively precipitated and separated by an oxidation-precipitation reaction at a pH between 3.5 and 5, followed by a filtration, yielding a fairly pure solution. The second tested ore sample contains 1.5 % total REE, present as bastnaesite and monazite. The gangue is 90 % carbonaceous and should be rejected to minimize the acid consumption upon leaching. After grinding at a P₈₀ of 33 μm, direct flotation at 50 °C, using 2000 g/t of hydroxamic acid as the collector yields 88 % REE recovery at a grade of 6.2 % REE. The flotation of REE follows first order kinetic model, while the gangue is largely entrained to the concentrate. A conversion of the REE minerals to hydroxides in a hot concentrated NaOH solution renders them more soluble. Leaching the solids, with HCl to a pH of 3 solubilises 95%, of the lanthanum, while 99.9 % of the iron remains in the solid residue. This work contributes to the development of a Québec-based expertise in REE metallurgy, as well as solid and liquid REE analysis

Rapport de la campagne SURTROPAC 16 à bord du N.O. LE NOROIT (19 janvier au 17 février 1992, de 20°S à 10°N le long du méridien 165°E)

Dans le cadre de la participation française au programme international TOGA, la campagne SURTROPAC 16 a eu lieu du 19 janvier au 17 février 1992, le long du méridien 165°E de 20°S à 10°N. Cette campagne a été réalisée par le Groupe SURTROPAC du Centre ORSTOM de Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie, avec la collaboration du Groupe FLUPAC de ce même centre et le PMEL-NOAA de Seattle aux Etats-Unis. Elle s'est déroulée à bord du navire océanographique LE NOROIT de la flotte océanographique nationale. Au cours de la campagne SURTROPAC 16 les travaux suivants ont été effectués : 54 stations à la sonde CTDO2 (O-1000 m) avec prélèvements à la rosette, 58 tirs XBT, des mesures en continu du courant absolu (0-400 m) à l'aide d'un profileur de courant à effet Doppler acoustique, des mesures en continu de la température et de la salinité de surface, des observations météorologiques, des largages de bouées dérivantes ainsi que des relevages, poses et vérifications de mouillages du réseau multinational TOGA-TAO. Ce rapport décrit le déroulement de la campagne ainsi que le matériel et les méthodes utilisés. Il présente également les figures correspondant aux premiers résultats. (Résumé d'auteur

Impact of intermittent preventive anti-malarial treatment on the growth and nutritional status of preschool children in rural Senegal (west Africa).

Negative consequences of malaria might account for seasonality in nutritional status in children in the Sahel. We report the impact of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of seasonal intermittent preventive anti-malarial treatment on growth and nutritional status in 1,063 Senegalese preschool children. A combination of artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was given monthly from September to November. In the intervention arm, mean weight gain was significantly greater (122.9 +/- 340 versus 42.9 +/- 344 [SD] g/mo, P < 0.0001) and losses in triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements were less (-0.39 +/- 1.01 versus -0.66 +/- 1.01 mm/mo, and -0.15 +/- 0.64 versus -0.36 +/- 0.62 mm/mo, respectively, P < 0.0001 for both). There was no difference in height increments. The prevalence of wasting increased significantly in the control arm (4.6% before versus 9.5% after, P < 0.0001), but remained constant in intervention children: 5.6% versus 7.0% (P = 0.62). The prevention of malaria would improve child nutritional status in areas with seasonal transmission

Making the Unfamiliar Familiar: Social Representations of Teachers about Parental Engagement in an Intervention Program in Quebec

AbstractThis article seeks to identify the social representations (SR) of parental engagement (PE) among teachers participating in a partnership program implemented between 2002 and 2009 in 24 primary schools located in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in Quebec, Canada. We focus on the content analysis of follow-up interviews carried out among teachers (n=32) in 2008 and the content analysis of the partnership plans (n=124) produced between 2003 and 2009. Our analysis enabled us not only to identify and describe the RS of the PE from a structural point of view, but they also reveal some of the dynamics pertaining to the SR

An extended model of vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane to estimate protein lateral diffusion from TIRF microscopy images.

BACKGROUND: Characterizing membrane dynamics is a key issue to understand cell exchanges with the extra-cellular medium. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is well suited to focus on the late steps of exocytosis at the plasma membrane. However, it is still a challenging task to quantify (lateral) diffusion and estimate local dynamics of proteins. RESULTS: A new model was introduced to represent the behavior of cargo transmembrane proteins during the vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane at the end of the exocytosis process. Two biophysical parameters, the diffusion coefficient and the release rate parameter, are automatically estimated from TIRFM image sequences, to account for both the lateral diffusion of molecules at the membrane and the continuous release of the proteins from the vesicle to the plasma membrane. Quantitative evaluation on 300 realistic computer-generated image sequences demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of the method. The application of our method on 16 real TIRFM image sequences additionally revealed differences in the dynamic behavior of Transferrin Receptor (TfR) and Langerin proteins. CONCLUSION: An automated method has been designed to simultaneously estimate the diffusion coefficient and the release rate for each individual vesicle fusion event at the plasma membrane in TIRFM image sequences. It can be exploited for further deciphering cell membrane dynamics