Direct observation shows superposition and large scale flexibility within cytoplasmic dynein motors moving along microtubules

Cytoplasmic dynein is a dimeric AAA+ motor protein that performs critical roles in eukaryotic cells by moving along microtubules using ATP. Here using cryo-electron microscopy we directly observe the structure of Dictyostelium discoideum dynein dimers on microtubules at near-physiological ATP concentrations. They display remarkable flexibility at a hinge close to the microtubule binding domain (the stalkhead) producing a wide range of head positions. About half the molecules have the two heads separated from one another, with both leading and trailing motors attached to the microtubule. The other half have the two heads and stalks closely superposed in a front-to-back arrangement of the AAA+ rings, suggesting specific contact between the heads. All stalks point towards the microtubule minus end. Mean stalk angles depend on the separation between their stalkheads, which allows estimation of inter-head tension. These findings provide a structural framework for understanding dynein’s directionality and unusual stepping behaviour

Romancero judeo-español : el idioma castellano en Oriente, romances tradicionales, gramatica y literatura, Glosario

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A case study of strategies for fostering international, interdisciplinary research

Bringing together and successfully managing a highly interdisciplinary (ID) research team of socioeconomic, biophysical, and engineering scientists is highly challenging, particularly when that team includes 20 scientists and students across six countries. This paper reports on the results of evaluating the success of such a team as it studies the socioecological impacts of bioenergy development across the Americas. We find that the team has succeeded according to several different metrics. We demonstrate that the literature on accelerated sustainability transitions and small group team creation, development, and management holds valuable lessons for the success of ID teams.Fil: Halvorsen, K. E.. Michigan Technological University; Estados UnidosFil: Knowlton, J. L.. Michigan Technological University; Estados UnidosFil: Mayer, A. S.. Michigan Technological University; Estados UnidosFil: Phifer, C. C.. Michigan Technological University; Estados UnidosFil: Martins, T.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Pischke, E. C.. Michigan Technological University; Estados UnidosFil: Propato, Tamara Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Cavigliaso, P.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: García, C.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Chiappe, M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Eastmond, A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Licata, Julian Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Kuhlberg, M.. Laurentian University; CanadáFil: Medeiros, R.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Picasso, V.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Mendez, G.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Primo, P.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Frado, A.. Laurentian University; CanadáFil: Verón, Santiago Ramón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Dunn , J. L.. Michigan Technological University; Estados Unido