Self Generated Attitude Change: Some Effects of Time and Intolerance of Ambiguity on Attitude Polarization

Effects of opportunity for thought and individual differences in intolerance of ambiguity on attitude polarization were examined. It was expected that opportunity for thought and intolerance of ambiguity would have an interactive effect on attitude polarization. This hypothesis was not supported. There was, however, an unexpected interaction between intolerance of ambiguity and the order of events in this experiment. When individuals’ self-awareness was heightened, individuals intolerant of ambiguity had attenuated attitudes; when individuals’ self-awareness was lessened, individuals intolerant of ambiguity had polarized attitudes. Limitations of this study (e.g., self-report measure) and future directions (e.g., priming effects) for this research were also discussed

Community Attachment: A Research Note Examining the Effects of Gender

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of gender on feelings of community attachment. This is done through the development of a measure of emotional response to a community, which is then tested, using the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis, for gender variation. The data are from a 1985 survey mailed to 1400 residents of four rural North Carolina counties. Responses from 1200 of these residents provide the sample. The author develops a model which focuses not on the well established relationship between satisfaction with service provision and community attachment, but on the relationship between emotional responses to the community and community attachment. The results indicate that the model has important elements in it, although it is incomplete; and, that it shows definite variation by gender in how response to emotional elements affects feelings of community attachment

Effects of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 positive allosteric modulator, CDPPB, on spatial learning in rodents

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on May 13, 2013).The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file.Dissertation advisor: Dr. Todd R. SchachtmanIncludes bibliographical references.Vita.Ph. D. University of Missouri--Columbia 2012."May 2012"Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) has been implicated in a variety of learning processes and is important for aversive learning tasks. The present studies used an mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator, 2-cyano-N-(1,3 diphenyl-1H-hyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) to characterize the importance of mGlu5 receptors in aversively- and appetitively-motivated spatial learning. CDPPB, administered prior to 5 daily training sessions in the Barnes maze (Experiment 1) did not significantly enhance acquisition of the task. However, in a second experiment CDPPB (30 mg/kg) significantly enhanced performance compared to vehicle-treated controls during 3 days of reversal learning and had a significant effect on proportion search strategy used. Additionally, CDPPB (30 mg/kg), delivered 20 min prior to 5 daily training sessions (of Experiment 3) enhanced the delay rats were able to withstand in the appetitively-motivated delayed alternation version of the T-maze. The present results emphasize the role of mGlu5 receptors in spatial learning tasks, and demonstrate mGlu5 receptors are important for learning in appetitive, as well as aversive, tasks.Includes bibliographical reference

Democratic Governors are Quicker in Responding to the Coronavirus Than Republicans

While the coronavirus pandemic is a national and international concern, state and local officials find themselves on the front lines of the public health battle. Governors, in particular, have been in the spotlight in recent weeks. New York’s Andrew Cuomo has been praised by news outlets for his leadership at the epicenter of the U.S. outbreak, while others have been criticized for slow responses. A clear partisan gap has emerged in how quickly governors have declared emergencies and issue stay-at-home orders. Democratic governors have issued orders three to four days sooner than Republican governors, on average

Is It Us? Is It Them? Or is It This Place?: Predicting Civility in State Legislatures

While many scholars and analysts have observed a decline in civility in recent years, there have been few examinations of how political, economic, and institutional structures may partially explain inter-state differences in these trends. We suggest three potential explanations: (1) institutional structures, such as legislative professionalism and gubernatorial power, have created different contexts in which legislators build and maintain inter-personal relationships; (2) partisan competition has led to less bipartisan cooperation and contributed to strained relationships between members of different parties; and, (3) economic inequity and change has contributed to economic anxiety among citizens, contributing to conflict in legislative bodies as elected officials attempt to navigate emerging policy challenges. To test these explanations, we develop an innovative measure of civility using a national survey of lobbyists and a partial Multilevel Regression and Poststratification (MRP) design. Findings suggest that there is some validity to all three explanations, and signifying that civility is at least partially a result of structural issues

Evolution of Siderian juvenile crust to Rhyacian high Ba-Sr magmatism in the Mineiro Belt, southern São Francisco Craton

Plutonic rocks from the Mineiro Belt, Brazil record a delayed onset of the transition from TTG to sanukitoid-type magmatism (high Ba-Sr), starting during the Siderian magmatic lull when little juvenile magma was added to the continental crust. Rocks mostly belong to the calc-alkaline series, meta- to peraluminous and originally “I-type”, meaning that oxidized magmas were formed by partial melting of subducted material. The temporal distribution and apparent secular changes of the magmas are consistent with the onset of subduction-driven plate tectonics due to an increase of the subduction angle and opening of the mantle wedge. New isotopic analyses (Sm-Nd whole rock and Lu-Hf in zircon) corroborate the restricted juvenile nature of the Mineiro Belt and confirm the genetic link between the Lagoa Dourada Suite, a rare ca. 2350 Ma high-Al tonalite-trondhjemite magmatic event, and the sanukitoid-type ca. 2130 Ma Alto Maranhão Suite. U-Pb dating of zircon and titanite constrain the crystallisation history of plutonic bodies; coupled with major and trace element analyses of the host rocks, they distinguish evolutionary trends in the Mineiro Belt. Several plutons in the region have ages close to 2130 Ma but are distinguished by the lower concentration of compatible elements in the juvenile high Ba-Sr suite. Keywords: São Francisco Craton, Magmatic lull, TTG-Sanukitoid transition, Zircon U-Pb-Hf, Titanite U-Pb, Whole rock Nd isotope

Differences in Veterans' and Nonveterans' End-of-Life Preferences: A Pilot Study

Background: Investigators conducting focus groups on end-of-life preferences noted that veterans voiced opinions that strongly differed from those of nonveterans. Objective: The objective of this study was to further explore differences between veterans' and nonveterans' end-of-life preferences. Methods: Ten focus groups and a pilot survey were conducted. Setting and sample: The focus groups consisted of Arab Muslims, Arab Christians, Hispanics, blacks, and whites stratified by gender (n = 73). Fifteen male veterans were included across all five racial groups. Measures: A moderator discussion guide was used to lead the focus groups and a pilot survey asked about demographic information and end-of-life preferences. Results: Veterans were more likely to be married (p < 0.05) and less connected to their cultural group (p < 0.05) than nonveterans. The focus group results indicated that veterans in this study were more likely to oppose the use of heroic measures compared to nonveterans. More so than nonveterans, veterans felt that their doctors should be frank and open (p < 0.05) were strongly in favor of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders (p < 0.10), yet were less likely to have a proxy (p < 0.10) or durable power of attorney p < 0.01). Comparing end-of-life preferences, veterans felt less strongly than nonveterans about remembering personal accomplishments (p < 0.05), being listened to (p < 0.05), being with friends (p < 0.01), or being comfortable with their nurse (p < 0.05), but did want to be around their pets at the end of life p < 0.10). Implications: The Department of Veterans Affairs is in a unique position to improve endof- life care for veterans. Providing end-of-life care that is congruent with the veteran's wishes can improve satisfaction and increase cost effectiveness by eliminating unacceptable services.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63253/1/jpm.2006.9.1099.pd

Combination anti-Aβ treatment maximizes cognitive recovery and rebalances mTOR signaling in APP mice

Drug development for Alzheimer\u27s disease has endeavored to lower amyloid β (Aβ) by either blocking production or promoting clearance. The benefit of combining these approaches has been examined in mouse models and shown to improve pathological measures of disease over single treatment; however, the impact on cellular and cognitive functions affected by Aβ has not been tested. We used a controllable APP transgenic mouse model to test whether combining genetic suppression of Aβ production with passive anti-Aβ immunization improved functional outcomes over either treatment alone. Compared with behavior before treatment, arresting further Aβ production (but not passive immunization) was sufficient to stop further decline in spatial learning, working memory, and associative memory, whereas combination treatment reversed each of these impairments. Cognitive improvement coincided with resolution of neuritic dystrophy, restoration of synaptic density surrounding deposits, and reduction of hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Computational modeling corroborated by in vivo microdialysis pointed to the reduction of soluble/exchangeable Aβ as the primary driver of cognitive recovery

Effects of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone in sows or in combination with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets

BACKGROUND: The effect of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) was investigated in two animal studies. In a PRRSV challenge model in pregnant sows (n = 18), six sows received water medicated at target dose of 5 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day from 3 days prior to challenge until the end of gestation. Six sows were left untreated, with a third group remaining untreated and unchallenged. Sows were challenged with PRRSV-2 at approximately 85 days of gestation. Cytokines, viremia, viral shedding, sow reproductive parameters and piglet performance to weaning were evaluated. In a dual infection study (n = 16), piglets were challenged with Mhyop on days 0, 1 and 2, and with PRRSV-1 on day 14 and euthanized on day 24. From day 10 to 20, eight piglets received water medicated at target dose of 20 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day and eight piglets were left untreated. Cytokines, viremia, bacteriology and lung lesions were evaluated. RESULTS: In the PRRSV challenge study in pregnant sows, tylvalosin significantly reduced the levels of serum IL-8 (P < 0.001), IL-12 (P = 0.032), TNFα (P < 0.001) and GM-CSF (P = 0.001). IL-8 (P = 0.100) tended to be lower in uterus of tylvalosin sows. All piglets from tylvalosin sows surviving to weaning were PRRSV negative in faecal swabs at weaning compared to 33.3% PRRSV positive piglets from untreated sows (P = 0.08). In the dual challenge study in piglet, tylvalosin reduced serum IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, GM-CSF, TGFβ1, TNFα, CCL3L1, MIG, PEPCAM-1 (P < 0.001) and increased serum IFNα, IL-1ra and MIP-1b (P < 0.001). In the lungs, tylvalosin reduced IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to untreated pigs (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.082). Lung lavage samples from all tylvalosin treated piglets were negative for Mhyop (0 cfu/mL) compared to the untreated piglets which had mean Mhyop counts of 2.68 × 10(4) cfu/mL (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Overall, tylvalosin reduced both local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines after challenge with respiratory pathogens in sows and in piglets. Tylvalosin was effective in reducing Mhyop recovery from the lungs and may reduce virus shedding in piglets following transplacental PRRSV infection in sows