Use of plant-derived drugs in the prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis

Dairy cow mastitis is one of most seriously diseases affecting dairy herds.  The prevention and treatment of this pathology is especially done through antimicrobials, but the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens to this disease may affect the efficiency of conventional drugs. Plant extracts are increasingly being valued by livestock producers because of their wide sources, low toxic and side effects, and high environmental affinity. Thereby, a lot of research has been conducted on the control of dairy cow mastitis by plant-derived drugs in recent years. This review summarizes the current of the plant types, main active ingredients, and the mechanism of action of plant extracts for preventing and treating dairy cow mastitis. Finally, a review was carried out to prospect the future development of plant extracts in the treatment of dairy cow mastitis

Effect of feeding of chelated zinc form on security, productivity and slaughter parameters of broilers

The results of the effect of feeding the chelated form of Zinc on the safety, productivity and slaughter parameters of broiler chickens are presented. The aim of this study was to determine the safety, productivity and slaughter parameters of broilers on the background of feeding chelated form of Zinc. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted during 2020 on broiler chickens cross Cobb-500 in the vivarium of the Veterinary Faculty of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine), divided into two groups on the principle of analogues (control and experimental) of 50 broilers each. The source of zinc for chickens in the control group was their sulfates. Chelated forms of Zinc were used for broiler chickens of the experimental group. All groups of broiler chickens were administered the compound with compound feed in a dose that corresponded to the daily requirement of the bird in this trace element. The duration of the experiment is 42 days. The growth and development of broilers were evaluated on the basis of determining the relevant zootechnical indicators. Live weight of birds was determined by individual weighing on scales of the VNC type with an accuracy of ±1 g at the age of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days. Both scientific and economic experiments also determined the preservation of livestock - daily by the number of culled and dead birds. Feed consumption was recorded daily, for each week of cultivation and for the entire period of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the cost of feed per 1 kg of live gained weight was calculated. Results. According to the results of the conducted researches, it was established that feeding of the chelated form of Zinc probably increased both the average daily gain and the total live weight of broiler chickens at different age periods of rearing. The live weight of chickens at the beginning of the experiment was almost the same, but at 7 days of age it tended to increase in chickens of the experimental group, although a significant difference between groups in this indicator was not found. It was found that the weight of uneviscerated, semi-eviscerated and eviscerated chicken in poultry of the experimental group was greater than similar indicators in the young animals of the control group by 9.3, 9.2, and 9.8 %, and this difference was significant (p<0.01). The yield of semi-eviscerated carcasses was higher in ones of the experimental group (84.19 %), and the difference was significant (p<0.05). Conclusions. It was found that the live weight of chickens of the experimental group (consumption of feed with a chelated form of Zinc) prevailed at 7 days of age by 1.1 g; on the 14th day – on 22.1 g (p<0.01); at 21 days – 35.4 g (p<0.01); at 28 days – 94.5 g (p<0.05); at 35 days – 133.6 g (p<0.01); at 42 days – at 218.9 g (p<0.05). Preservation of young animals in the experimental group, which used chelated compounds of Zinc, was higher and amounted to 96 %, compared with the control – 92 %. By age, feed costs per unit weight gain were lower in the experiment, respectively: 0.05; 0.08; 0.12; 0.06; 0.07 and 0.05 kg, compared to the control group. Growing broiler chickens on compound feed with a chelated form of Zinc by 9.8 % (p<0.01) increases the weight of the eviscerated carcass

Determination of acute toxicity parameters of “Zoodizin” disinfectant

An important element in ensuring the epizootic well-being of the poultry industry is disinfection. Modern poultry farming requires a large number of effective disinfectants. It is known that the resistance of microorganisms to the effects of disinfectants is based on a genotypic mechanism. The nature of the formation of resistance to disinfectants and antiseptics is different than antibiotics. With regard to disinfectants, resistance is formed more slowly and the proportion of resistant strains in the population of microorganisms may not be high for a long time. This is due to different mechanisms of formation of resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, in the first case – plasmid mechanism, in the second – chromosomal. However, increasing the resistance to the active substance in disinfectants can be widespread, so it is necessary to periodically rotate disinfectants. The goal of the work – to investigate the parameters of acute toxicity of the disinfectant biocide “Zodizin”. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacy and the Vivarium of Sumy National Agrarian University. The drug “Zodizine” contains: polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride – 21.0 %, alkylldimethylbenzylammonium chloride – 3.0 %. For toxicological examination of the disinfectant, healthy white male rats and white female rats weighing 200 ± 10 g 1.5 years of age were used. In the study of acute toxicity of animals observed daily, noted the general condition of the animals, features of their behavior. Studies have found that the toxic effect of the disinfectant “Zodizin” clinically manifested almost equally in both males and females. The average lethal dose for the rat female was 1000.0 ± 35.0 mg/kg body weight, males 1033.0 ± 34.3 mg/kg. Therefore, according to the classification of substances by toxicity, the drug by intragastric administration can be attributed to low-toxic substances. Observations on animals revealed that 1–3 hours after oral administration of the drug in a subtoxic dose in laboratory animals, shortness of breath and inhibition of the central nervous system were noted. Most of them died during the first day. Subsequent observations of the surviving animals indicated that their motor response was suppressed over the next 24–72 hours. Conclusions and prospects for further research: 1. It was found that the average lethal dose of the drug “Zodizin” with oral administration to rats-females was 1000.0 ± 35.0 mg/kg body weight, males – 1033.0 ± 34.3 mg/kg. 2. Experimental studies have proved that the disinfectant “Zodizin” according to GOST 12.1.007-76, belongs to the IV class of danger, that is, to the low-dangerous compounds, and according to GOST 12.1.07 – to the III class of hazard of substances and can be used for disinfection premises where animals and poultry are kept. Further, the sporoсide and corrosion properties of the “Zoodizin” biocide will be studied

Histochemical method of diagnosis of mixed pasteurellosis and ascaridosis bird disease

For the first time was developed an effective and specific histochemical method for the diagnosis of mixed pasteurellosis and ascaridosis diseases of birds, which can be used in conjunction with bacteriological, serological and helminthocoproscopic studies, and in cases where it is impossible to diagnose serologic methods. The proposed method of histochemical diagnostics can be used for the detection of pasterelo-ascaridium carriers during mixed pasteurellosis and ascaridosis disease of birds. In the birds of the experimental group (clinically diseased bird), the pasteurial antigen in the histological preparations of the organs tissues after the histochemical study looked like local and diffuse clusters of oval and deep form of intense purple color and local clusters of oblong-shaped larvae with the presence of a head and a tail of blue and eggs of light purple color On histological sections of tissues and organs of the control group (clinically healthy bird), such changes were absent. For investigation of the organs of the experimental group (clinically diseased poultry), we have established the following areas of accumulation of pasteurial antigen and larvae and eggs of ascarids: in the heart – observed postponement of the antigen Pasteurella multocida in the form of strips throughout the area of the histological cut along the length of the muscle fibers and the loss of their delineation and fragmentation; in the liver – observed the diffuse location of the Pasteurella multocida antigen throughout the histological section in the lumen of the blood vessels and around them, the Disse spaces, between the hepatocytes; histochemically detected reduction of AsAT – by 84.3% and bilirubin – by 74.5%; in the muscular stomach – there was a diffuse postponement of the pasteurial antigen throughout the histologic section, but the largest accumulation was observed around the fibers of smooth muscle tissue of dark purple; in the spleen – the presence of Pasteurella multocida antigen throughout the histological section around lymphoid clusters, blood vessel walls, and intensive deposition of the antigen were observed around the splenic artery in the form of a deep, intense violet color; in the duodenum – observed diffuse deposition of the Pasteurella multocida antigen across the entire histologic area around the blood vessels, lymphatic follicles, villi of the mucous membrane, between the enterocytes, the mucosal muscle folds, the intramural ganglion nodules in the form of the deep form; Intestinal wall, blood vessels, licorice glands, larvae of ascarid species of Ascaridia galli species were observed blue, around granular grains around the dead larvae; Histochemically, decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase – by 70% and mucin – by 82.4%; in the kidneys – locally observed the presence of a Pasteurella multocida pasteur antigen around the intercellular veins, a capsule of the nephron, a circular oval-shaped distal tubule, a dark violet color; Histochemically, creatinine decreased by 45.4%

The effect of the drug "Cobazin" on the productive indicators of bee colonies

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the drug "Cobazin" on the productivity of bee colonies during the increase in strength (increase in the number of young bees in the bee colony) in spring and autumn. Materials and methods. Control and experimental groups were formed to test "Cobazin" feed supplement. It was fed 5 times with an interval of 5 days. Bee colonies from the control group received a pure sugar solution (1:1) in the amount of 0.5 liters per bee colony, and the experimental group received a sugar solution of 0.5 liters per bee colony (1:1) with the addition of the drug "Cobazin" in the amount of 2.5 g. Indicators characterizing the development of bee colonies were determined by a measuring frame of 5x5 cm in size, for 12 days to cover the total number of eggs laid by the queen bee during feeding. Four measurements were performed during the study. The results of the control and experimental groups were compared and the significance of the differences between them was established. There was a comparison of the difference between groups of bees both fed pure sugar syrup in a ratio of 1:1 and syrup with the addition of the drug "Cobazin". Results. It is proved that during the feeding period the number of brood in bee colonies that received feed supplement "Cobazin" increased significantly by 76 % (71 % in the group that received only sugar solution without this drug). Live weight of queen bees in colonies that were stimulated with "Cobazin" was actually 2 % higher compared to the control group. It was found that at the end of the bee season, bee colonies fed in May with the feed supplement "Cobazin" had significantly higher values of strength, number of sealed brood and live queen bees compared to those who received pure sugar solution. The brood in the control group was 25 % lower than in the experimental group. Conclusions. For the first time it was proved that the use of feed supplement "Cobazin" in combination with sugar solution has a positive effect on the features that characterize the development of bee colonies (strength, number of sealed brood) and their health productivity. The positive impact is observed not only during feeding, but also in subsequent periods of colony development

Design of antigen synthesis and identification of its artificial antigen for zearalenone

Background: study aimed to modify the ZEN molecule and conjugate the carrier protein to prepare a complete antigen. To lay the foundation for the preparation of ZEN monoclonal antibodies. Methods: The carbonyl group at the 7 position of ZEN molecule was modified by deuteration reaction. The immunogen and antigen were synthesized by EDC method and mixed acid anhydride method, and the complete antigen was identified by UV, IR and electrophoresis. Antisera were obtained after immunization of animals, and an antiserum was designed by ELISA. Results: The immunogens were identified by UV, IR and electrophoresis, ZEN-BSA was successfully synthesized. The ratio of ZEN-BAS to ZEN was calculated to be 1 : 13. When the antibody serum was detected, the titer of the antibody reached 1:(6.4×103). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the OAE method is preferable in preparing the ZEN. These findings lay the material and technical foundation for the preparation of anti-ZEN monoclonal antibod

Effects of probiotic Clostridium Butyrate on Performance and Immunocompetence and Digestive Function of poultry

The purpose of our research was to study the effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum (CB) on performance, immunocompetence and digestive function of poultry. Using single factor experiment design, 720 one-day-old and healthy AA broilers were divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 20 broilers in each replicate. Broilers in control group were fed a basal diet, while broilers of other experimental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with CB 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1250 mg/kg. The results showed as follows: The 1000mg/mg group had the best effect on immunity enhancement, with the thymus index, spleen index and bursa index increased by 18.38 % (P < 0.05), 16.00 % (P < 0.05) and 8.03 % (P > 0.05) in 1–21 days, and 6.45 % (P < 0.05), 12.92 % (P < 0.05) and 13.94 % (P < 0.05) in 22–49 days. The 1000 mg/kg group and 1250 mg/kg group had the best effect on improving the digestive function, with the VH/CD value increased by 27.56 % (P < 0.05) and 29.56 % (P < 0.05) in 1–21 days, and 29.48 % (P < 0.05) and 30.80 % (P < 0.05) in 22–49 days, with the number of harmful bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the addition of CB in diets of broiler can improve the production performance, enhance immunity and improve digestive function, and the optimal dosage is 1000 mg/kg

Determination of antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of experimental disinfectant "Sukhodez"

The results of the study of antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of the experimental preparation “Sukhodez” against microorganisms E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Candida albicans in the laboratory are presented. The aim of the research. To study the antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of powdered disinfectant and analyze the prospects for its further use in a set of anti-epizootic measures in particular in poultry farms. Materials and methods. The research was conducted during 2021 at the Department of Veterinary Examination, Microbiology, Zoohygiene and Safety and Quality of Animal Products of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Sumy National Agrarian University. Evaluation of bactericidal properties of the experimental agent “Sukhodez” was determined on museum strains of E. coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, fungicidal properties were studied on fungi Candida albicans. All cultures were standardized to 109 CFU / cm3. Results. It is established that as a result of the conducted researches at studying preparation “Sukhodez” antimicrobic properties, it had high efficiency concerning action on strains of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It had a detrimental effect on bacteria when applied to concrete at an exposure of 1 hour with a rate of 75 mg per 1 m2, and had the same effect as when applied to a wooden surface, where it expressed antimicrobial action at a rate of 50 mg/m2 after 4 hours. When determining the fungicidal properties, it was found that when exposed to 5 hours, the preparation “Sukhodez” had an effect on study contaminated objects with a rate of 50 mg/m2, and with a rate of 75 mg/m2 inhibited the growth of fungi for 1 hour. Conclusions. It was found that the most sensitive to the preparation “Sukhodez” were the culture of Salmonella enteritidis – at a rate of 25 g / m2 and action on concrete and wooden surfaces, the disinfectant inhibited the growth of the culture when exposed to 5 hours, and at a rate of 50 g / m2 – for 2 years. Staphylococcus aureus was the most stable bacterial culture, so at a rate of 50 g / m2 on concrete and wood surfaces, bacterial growth was inhibited for 4 and 5 hours, respectively. At the same time, in the study of fungicidal properties, “Sukhodez” showed a fungicidal effect on Candida albicans when applied to a concrete surface at a rate of 50 mg / m2 for 3 hours, when applied to a wooden surface – for 4 hours. In general, at a rate of 75 g / m2, “Sukhodez” has an instant bactericidal and fungicidal effect on bacteria and fungi applied to concrete and wooden surface

Ефективність застосування сануючого набору «СанСтим» для санації інкубаційних яєць

The most vulnerable place in poultry farms is incubation, microorganisms are able to survive the entire period of incubation and penetrate through the eggshell, to be the source of infection with embryos, to affect the reduction of the percentage of conditional young birds, growth and development in the early days of cultivation. The accumulated pathogenic microflora negatively affects the state of the immune system of the bird. Contaminated with conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microflora egg is the main link in the transmission of all bacterial infections. In Ukraine, for the pre-incubation treatment of eggs, sodium hydroxide, formalin, chloramine, persicum C. are used. These agents exhibit bactericidal properties, but are toxic, have corrosive activity and are carcinogens. The «SunTime» kit consists of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and a mixture of organic acid salts (lemon, amber, and apple). These substances provide an effective bactericidal action against a wide range of bacteria, are safe for poultry embryos and personnel, have a stimulating effect on the growth and development of the embryo, provide a prolonged bactericidal action. The purpose of the study of the effectiveness of a complex ecologically safe sanitizers set «SunSim», its application for pre-incubation processing of chicken eggs. In experimental studies, two groups were formed, each with n = 250. In order to disinfect the surface of the shell of the incubation egg, two times aerosol treatment of the experimental group using 0.3% of SunStim was carried out, the first time the sanitation of the incubation eggs was carried out before the laying on the incubation cabinet, the exposure was 40 minutes, the second final treatment was carried out on the 18th day of incubation, to extract, a working solution of organic acids (amber, lemon and apple) to stimulate embryonic viability and increase the natural resistance of the embryos. For the control group, formalin was used. After two times of the sanation of the incubation eggs with the SunStim set, the percentage of decontamination of the shell surface of the incubation eggs was 99.1 ± 0.5%. While analyzing the results of the incubation waste category of «dead and drowning» by 3,6% less compared with the control, and the category of «crippled» was not observed. The use of the SunStim set improves the quality of surface treatment of the shell of incubation eggs, increases the incubation eggs output by 4.5-5.0%, the average body weight of the received young animals in experimental groups exceeds control by 4%.Найуразливішим місцем на птахофабриках є інкубаторій, мікроорганізми здатні переживати весь період інкубації та проникати через шкаралупу яєць, бути джерелом зараження ембріонів, впливають на зниження відсотка отримання кондиційного молодняку птиці, ріст та розвиток в перші дні вирощування. Накопичена патогенна мікрофлора негативно впливає на стан імунної системи птиці. Контаміноване умовно-патогенною та патогенною мікрофлорою яйце є основною ланкою передачі всіх бактеріальних інфекцій. В Україні для передінкубаційної обробки яєць використовують натрій їдкий, формалін, хлорамін, віркон С. Ці засоби проявляють бактерицидні властивості, але є токсичними, мають корозійну активність та є канцерогеноми. Набір «СанСтим» складається з полігексаметиленгуанідин гідрохлориду та суміші солей органічних кислот (лимонної, янтарної, яблучної). Ці речовини забезпечують ефективну бактерицидну дію відносно широкого спектру бактерій, є безпечними для ембріонів птиці та персоналу, мають стимулюючий вплив на ріст та розвиток ембріона, забезпечують пролонговану бактерицидну дію. Мета роботи вивчення ефективності комплексного екологічно безпечного сануючого набору «СанСтим», його застосування для передінкубаційної обробки курячих яєць. В експериментальних дослідженнях було сформовано дві групи, в кожній n = 250. Для знезараження поверхні шкаралупи інкубаційного яйця провели дворазову аерозольну обробку дослідної групи з використанням 0,3% «СанСтим», перший раз санацію інкубаційних яєць здійснювали перед закладкою до інкубаційної шафи, експозиція 40 хв, друга заключна обробка була проведена на 18 добу інкубації, перед переведенням на вивід, робочим розчином органічних кислот (янтарної, лимонної та яблучної) з метою стимуляції ембріональної життєздатності та підвищення природної резистентності зародків. Для контрольної групи використовували формалін. Після дворазової санації інкубаційних яєць набором «СанСтим» відсоток знезараження поверхні шкаралупи інкубаційних яєць становив 99,1 ± 0,5%. При аналізі результатів відходів інкубації категорії «завмерлих та задохликів» на 3,6% менше порівняно з контролем, а категорії «каліки» не спостерігалось. Застосування набору «СанСтим» поліпшує якість обробки поверхні шкаралупи інкубаційних яєць, збільшує виводимість інкубаційних яєць на 4,5–5,0%, середня маса тіла отриманого молодняку в дослідних групах перевищує контроль на 4%