Employer Branding; influencing student perception by campus management activities

The target of this thesis was to define the concept of employer branding and its relation to campus management, the activities companies do in order to attract students and promote themselves as quality employers. The theoretical research captures the marketing essence of branding and further develops it into the employer branding framework. Further research focussed on possible campus management activities. In the practical part the popularity and effectiveness of the activities were tested through several student surveys, expert interviews and own experience of the author. The result forms a basis for a recommendation of campus management strategy adjustment

Echolocating Daubenton's bats are resilient to broadband, ultrasonic masking noise during active target approaches

This study was funded by a Carlsberg Semper Ardens grant to P.T.M.Echolocating bats hunt prey on the wing under conditions of poor lighting by emission of loud calls and subsequent auditory processing of weak returning echoes. To do so, they need adequate echo-tonoise ratios (ENRs) to detect and distinguish target echoes from masking noise. Early obstacle avoidance experiments report high resilience to masking in free-flying bats, but whether this is due to spectral or spatiotemporal release from masking, advanced auditory signal detection or an increase in call amplitude (Lombard effect) remains unresolved. We hypothesized that bats with no spectral, spatial or temporal release from masking noise defend a certain ENR via a Lombard effect. We trained four bats (Myotis daubentonii) to approach and land on a target that broadcasted broadband noise at four different levels. An array of seven microphones enabled acoustic localization of the bats and source level estimation of their approach calls. Call duration and peak frequency did not change, but average call source levels (SLRMS, at 0.1 m as dB re. 20 μPa) increased, from 112 dB in the no-noise treatment, to 118 dB (maximum 129 dB) at the maximum noise level of 94 dB re. 20 μPa root mean square. The magnitude of the Lombard effect was small (0.13 dB SLRMS dB-1 of noise), resulting in mean broadband and narrowband ENRs of -11 and 8 dB, respectively, at the highest noise level. Despite these poor ENRs, the bats still performed echo-guided landings, making us conclude that they are very resilient to masking even when they cannot avoid it spectrally, spatially or temporally.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Echolocation call parameters of Daubenton's bats during exposure to masking noise

Echolocating bats hunt prey on the wing under conditions of poor lighting by emission of loud calls and subsequent auditory processing of weak returning echoes. To do so, they need adequate echo-to-noise ratios (ENRs) to detect and distinguish target echoes from masking noise. Early obstacle avoidance experiments report high resilience to masking in free-flying bats, but whether this is due to spectral or spatiotemporal release from masking, advanced auditory signal detection or an increase in call amplitude (Lombard effect) remains unresolved. We hypothesized that bats with no spectral, spatial or temporal release from masking noise, defend a certain ENR via a Lombard effect. We trained four bats (Myotis daubentonii) to approach and land on a target that broadcasted broadband noise at four different levels. An array of seven microphones enabled acoustic localization of the bats and source level estimation of their approach calls. Call duration and peak frequency did not change, but average call source levels (SLRMS, at 0.1 m as dB re. 20 μPa, root-mean-square) increased, from 112 dB in the no-noise treatment, to 118 dB (maximum 129 dB) at the maximum noise level of 94 dB. The magnitude of the Lombard effect was small (0.13 dB SLRMS/dB of noise), resulting in mean broadband and narrowband ENRs of -11 and 8 dB respectively at the highest noise level. Despite these poor ENRs, the bats still performed echo-guided landings, making us conclude that they are very resilient to masking even when they cannot avoid it spectrally, spatially or temporally

Sperm whales exhibit variation in echolocation tactics with depth and sea state but not naval sonar exposures

Funding: This work was supported by the UK Defense and Science Technology Laboratory (DSTLX-1000137649), NL Ministry of Defence (Cerema-DGA #1883003901), FR Ministry of Defence, and US Navy Living Marine Resources program (N39430-17-C-1935). PLT was supported by US Office of Naval Research (ONR) grant numbers N00014-18-1-2062 and N00014-20-1-2709, as well as by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) contracts RC20-1097, RC21-3091, and RC20-7188.Auditory masking by anthropogenic noise may impact marine mammals relying on sound for important life functions, including echolocation. Animals have evolved antimasking strategies, but they may not be completely effective or cost-free. We formulated seven a priori hypotheses on how odontocete echolocation behavior could indicate masking. We addressed six of them using data from 15 tagged sperm whales subject to experimental exposures of pulsed and continuous active sonar (PAS and CAS). Sea state, received single-pulse sound exposure level (SELsp), whale depth and orientation towards surface, and sonar were considered as candidate covariates representing different masking conditions. Echolocation behavior, including buzz duration and search range, varied strongly with depth. After controlling for depth and angle to the surface, the likelihood of buzzing following a click train decreased with sea state (t = −7.3, p < .001). There was little evidence for changes in 10 tested variables with increasing sonar SELsp, except reduced buzzing consistent with previously reported feeding cessation (t = −2.26, p = .02). A potential Lombard effect was detected during echolocation with sea state and SELsp, despite off-axis measurement and right-hand censoring due to acoustic clipping. The results are not conclusive on masking effects on sperm whale echolocation, highlighting challenges and opportunities for future anthropogenic masking studies.PostprintPostprintPeer reviewe

Sperm whales exhibit variation in echolocation tactics with depth and sea state but not naval sonar exposures

Auditory masking by anthropogenic noise may impact marine mammals relying on sound for important life functions, including echolocation. Animals have evolved antimasking strategies, but they may not be completely effective or cost-free. We formulated seven a priori hypotheses on how odontocete echolocation behavior could indicate masking. We addressed six of them using data from 15 tagged sperm whales subject to experimental exposures of pulsed and continuous active sonar (PAS and CAS). Sea state, received single-pulse sound exposure level (SELsp), whale depth and orientation towards surface, and sonar were considered as candidate covariates representing different masking conditions. Echolocation behavior, including buzz duration and search range, varied strongly with depth. After controlling for depth and angle to the surface, the likelihood of buzzing following a click train decreased with sea state (t = −7.3, p &lt; .001). There was little evidence for changes in 10 tested variables with increasing sonar SELsp, except reduced buzzing consistent with previously reported feeding cessation (t = −2.26, p = .02). A potential Lombard effect was detected during echolocation with sea state and SELsp, despite off-axis measurement and right-hand censoring due to acoustic clipping. The results are not conclusive on masking effects on sperm whale echolocation, highlighting challenges and opportunities for future anthropogenic masking studies