Single pilot IFR operating problems determined from accidental data analysis

The accident reports examined were restricted to instrument rated pilots flying in IFR weather. A brief examination was made of accidents which occurred during all phases of flight and which were due to all causes. A detailed examination was made of those accidents which involved a single pilot which occurred during the landing phases of flight, and were due to pilot error. Problem areas found include: (1) landing phase operations especially final approach, (2) pilot weather briefings, (3) night approaches in low IFR weather, (4) below minimum approaches, (5) aircraft icing, (6) imprecise navigation, (7) descending below minimum IFR altitudes, (8) fuel mismanagement, (9) pilot overconfidence, and (10) high pilot workload especially in twins. Some suggested areas of research included: (1) low cost deicing systems, (2) standardized navigation displays, (3) low cost low-altitude warning systems, (4) improved fuel management systems, (5) improved ATC communications, (6) more effective pilot training and experience acquisition methods, and (7) better weather data dissemination techniques

Stratigraphy and Age of Deposits in an Excavation at the Wright-Patterson Air Base, Dayton, Ohio

Author Institution: Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohi

Glacial Geology of the Dawes Arboretum, Licking County, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Bowling Green UniversityDetailed mapping of the glacial deposits on the properties of The Dawes Arboretum and immediately adjacent landowners, done at the invitation of the arboretum director, revealed a landscape of Wisconsin end moraine and ground moraine, underlain by Mississippian Logan Sandstone throughout the 7.8 km2 area. The resulting mapping shows the Wiconsin Terminal Moraine winding generally north-south across the eastern edge of the area, with 2 other early retreatal Wisconsin end moraines farther west. The Jacksontown Moraine of this report extends northeast across the area, locally overlapping the Terminal Moraine west of Fairmount Church hill. The Dawes Moraine of this report, also with a northeastward trend, lies west of the Jacksontown Moraine in the south, but merges with it farther north. Readvance to the Jacksontown Moraine blocked a small stream flowing northwestward off the Terminal Moraine east of Jacksontown, causing lake silts to accumulate in its upper basin, south of Rt. 440, and forming a new stream, Quarry Run, flowing northward across Rt. 440 through the sandstone hills of the arboretum's eastern properties

A Geologist Looks at the Natural Vegetation Map of Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OhioBoundaries on the new map of the Natural Vegetation of Ohio by Gordon (1966) neatly follow, in most places, geologic boundaries. Where this is not true, conditions controlling this distribution are either aspect, microclimate, or the result of some as-yet unrecognized variation in the geology. Vegetation-geology correlations may be generalized as follows. Beech (-maple) forests occur on better drained Wisconsin till and in outwash-free valleys in eastern Ohio. Oak-sugar maple forests occur where the geological substrate is moist enough for sugar maple, but not for beech. Mixed mesophytic forests occur on shale and on north-facing slopes in unglaciated eastern Ohio, as well as in other areas where a variety of environmental conditions results in a variety of communities, best mapped as mixed mesophytic. Mixed oak forests are composed of either dry-site ("dry") species, occurring on south-facing slopes and sandstone hills in unglaciated eastern Ohio and on well-drained gravel deposits in western Ohio, or of wet-site ("wet") species, growing on very flat plains with heavy clay soils. Swamp forest is also shown on flat, poorly drained plains, as are prairies, which are mainly "wet". What specific characteristics actually determine whether a flat, poorly drained plain will support prairie, swamp forest, or "wet" oaks are not understood. Despite these striking vegetation-geology relationships, there is much yet to be learned, particularly in the large-scale refinement of this mapping. With geologists who have learned some plants, and botanists who have learned some Ohio geology, exciting new results are possible which will help to advance both sciences

Correlation of the Three Tills of Logan County, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Bowling Green State UniversityThe author identified three Late Wisconsin tills in Logan County in 1956, related them to soils in 1965, and named them the Marysville, Bellefontaine, and Pickrelltown in 1967, but included no correlations, which have since become established and are reported here. The Marysville Till is the youngest, is clay-rich and almost pebble-free, and has a shallow soil (Morley-Blount). Next older (south) is the Bellefontaine, with a loamy, pebbly texture and also a shallow soil (old Miami 6A). Oldest and southernmost is the loamy, pebbly Pickrelltown Till, which has a deeper soil with a B3 horizon (old Miami 60)

Correlation of Tills Exposed in Toledo Edison Dam Cut, Ohio

Author Institution: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbu

Contribution of Soils to the Mapping and Interpretation of Wisconsin Tills in Western Ohio

Author Institution: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio 43212Soils have been an important tool in the interpretation of the Wisconsin glacial history of western Ohio. Five different tills are recognized in this area, identified by five different soils, which are distinquished on the basis of (1) presence or absence of silt (loess) cap, (2) amount of clay in B horizon, (3) amount of clay in C horizon, and (4) depth of soil profile. Where the critical difference between two adjacent soils relates to one of the first three factors, composition is considered to be the explanation; where the difference is based on the fourth factor, one soil appearing to be deeper and more weathered than the other, a difference in age between the tills is inferred, the younger till interpreted to represent the deposit made during a major readvance of the retreating glacier. Careful evaluation of the differences between each set of adjacent soils reveals the following Wisconsin glacial history: after the very long Sangamon Interglacial, the "early" Wisconsin glacier appeared, only locally extending beyond the limits of younger deposits, followed, after a moderately long ice-free period, by the "late" Wisconsin glacier. During recession, this last glacier deposited a series of end moraines, with a major readvance (judged by soils differences) marked by the Farmersville-Reesville Moraines, and a less significant readvance marked by the Union City-Powell Moraines. The retreat preceding this last readvance must have extended north of the Ohio divide, allowing formation of an ice-front lake in which clay could accumulate, for the till subsequently deposited is rich in clay

Geologic Conditions Essential for the Perpetuation of Cedar Bog, Champaign County, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Bowling Green State UniversityCedar Bog, a unique boreal relict area, is situated on the Mad River Valley Train (outwash) four miles southwest of Urbana, Ohio. The unusual plants present here are maintained by a continuous flow, at the surface, of cool high-lime ground water, which emerges as springs along the base of a low escarpment on the east edge of the Bog