A LONG-TERM, WATERSHED-SCALE, EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WASTE BMPs ON INDICATOR BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Driven by increasing concerns about bacterial pollution from agricultural sources, states such as Virginia have initiated cost sharing programs that encourage the use of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) to control this pollution. Although a few studies have shown that waste management BMPs are effective at the field scale, their effectiveness at the watershed scale and over the long term is unknown. The focus of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing bacterial pollution at the watershed scale and over the long term. To accomplish this goal, a 1,163 ha watershed located in the Piedmont region of Virginia was monitored over a ten-year period. Fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were measured as indicators of bacterial pollution. A pre-BMP versus post-BMP design was adopted. Major BMPs implemented were manure storage facilities, stream fencing, water troughs, and nutrient management. Seasonal Kendall trend analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend during the post-BMP period for FC concentrations at the watershed outlet, but not at the subwatershed level. Implementation of BMPs also resulted in a significant reduction in the geometric mean of FS concentrations. FC concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet exceeded the Virginia primary standard 86 and 74 percent of the time during pre-BMP and post-BMP periods, respectively. Corresponding exceedances for the secondary standard were 50 and 41 percent. Violations decreased only slightly during the post-BMP period. The findings of this study suggest that although BMP implementation can be expected to accomplish some improvement in water quality, BMP implementation alone may not ensure compliance with current water quality standards. (KEY TERMS: nonpoint source pollution; watershed management; water quality; bacterial pollution; fecal coliform; fecal streptococcus; BMP.) INTRODUCTION Contamination from bacterial sources has been identified as the third leading cause of pollution in the nation's rivers, after siltation and nutrients (USEPA, 1999). Pollution from bacteria accounts for nearly 79,820 impaired river miles or 12 percent of the total river miles surveyed in the United States (USEPA, 1999). In Virginia, fecal contamination of surface waters is the leading pollution problem, and agriculture has been cited as the largest contributor of this pollutant (USEPA, 1999). Land application of animal wastes and runoff from livestock facilities are the major agricultural practices contributing to bacterial pollution Although several studies and reviews have evaluated bacterial pollution from agricultural land

FEDSM2005-77236 HYSTERESIS OF FLOW AROUND AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER IN CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER REGIME

ABSTRACT Experimental investigations of the flow around an elliptic cylinder of axis ratio 1:3 were carried out for several angles of attack in a wide range of Reynolds number. The flow characteristics were studied by measuring the fluid forces and the surface pressure. In the critical Reynolds number regime, a discontinuous change of flow state was observed. This change was accompanied by the remarkable hysteresis phenomenon. Details of this hysteresis process are described in the paper. INTRODUCTION Flow around an elliptic cylinder at high Reynolds number has been studied by many authors Velocity measurements in the turbulent boundary layer around an elliptic cylinder of axis ratio 1:2.96 were conducted by Schubaue

Comparison of Individual and Combined Effects of Ankle Strengthening and Proprioception Training on Balance Performance in Elderly Women

Abstract: Decreased mobility among older women is often related to a combination of impairments i

2015 EXCELLENCE IN METALLOGRAPHY AWARD EVOLUTION OF STRAIN-INDUCED PRECIPITATES IN A MOLYBDENUM-BASE Mo-Hf-C ALLOY

The powder metallurgy processed molybdenumbase alloy Mo-Hf-C (MHC) Dallinger,**** Helmut Clemens***** and Sophie Primig****** INTRODUCTION The particle-hardened alloy Mo-Hf-C (MHC) is processed via a powder metallurgy (PM) route. It is known for its high strength at elevated temperatures and its high recrystallization temperatures. Its nominal composition of 0.65 at.% Hf and 0.65 at.% C has been derived from various investigations of arc melted and solution-annealed Mo-Hf-C alloys in the 1960s and 70s. In particular, an alloy with a similar composition to MHC exhibited superior properties after swaging. In contrast to PM processed MHC, all the hafnium and carbon content of the solution-annealed material is in solid solution. The carbon and the hafnium contents of MHC are adjusted in order to produce ~1 vol.% hafnium carbide. 1-3 After sintering, the microstructure of MHC consists of a molybdenum matrix, hafnium-oxide particles (5-10 µm diameter), molybdenum carbides decorating the grain boundaries, and large hafnium carbides (1 µm diameter, ~80 nm thick). The residual hafnium content in solid solution is ~0.10-0.15 at.% and the typical microporosity is ~4%. For a full exploitation of the precipitation potential of the MHC alloy, it i

Mapping Online Reading Behaviour of University Students: A Case Study of Mizoram University, Aizawl

This study examines the media habits and the online reading behaviour of university students in Mizoram. The primary objectives of the study are 1) To map the media habits of university students 2) To study the reading behaviour of university students 3) To determine online news reading behaviour of university students. We employed a survey method as the major research method in this study and the questionnaire is a tool used for collecting survey data. We divided the questionnaire into four sections dealing with socio-demographic information, media habits, reading behaviour and news-consuming behaviour. Mizoram University is selected as the population for the study and ten samples from each 26 departments of the Mizoram University are chosen using simple random sampling. A total of 260 questionnaires were sent out, and 230 were returned. According to the findings from the questionnaire, the respondents choose online media more than traditional media and the majority of them visit online news sites at least two times a day