Utilization of the Hitachi S-6780 SEM For Critical Dimension Measurement

The necessity of being able to accurately measure sub-micron features in devices fabricated in RIT’s microelectronic manufacturing facility has resulted in the acquisition of a Hitachi S-6780 CD SEM The Hitachi SEM will remove all user error, completely automate the current CD measurement procedure, and yield more accurate results. This project entails learning the operations of this model of SEM and the creation of various instruction manuals to allow this tool to become a commonly used piece of equipment at RIT. Explained will be the different kinds of files and measurement techniques the S-6780 SEM uses. Various experiments were performed and will be discussed proving the reliability and accuracy of this tool with measurement capabilities at RIT down to 0.3 urn

The Role of Consensus in GATT/WTO Decision-making

The most striking aspect of the new World Trade Organization (WTO)\u27 is the extent to which it preserves and consolidates the body of law and practice which has evolved out of the development of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)2 and related instru- ments. Such preservation and consolidation is deliberate as the pre- amble to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (Marrakesh Agreement) makes clear.3 The mechanism chosen for the transition from the GAT-T to the WTO was designed to provide a degree of continuity, stability and thereby predictability in the multilateral trading system. Its occurrence is due, in no small measure, to the active role of the GATT Secretariat in pursuing this initiative and to the willingness of representatives of governments and the European Communities, present at the close of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations at Marrakesh, to agree to it. The Marrakesh Agreement is all the more extraordinary because the antecedent of GATT law and practice was not a succession of one international organization by another international organization nor of treaty succession. Instead, the GATT 1947 - the GAIT which came into force on 1 January 19484 - was integrated into the WTO Agreement, as part of the GATT 1994. The GATT 1994 contains the text of the old GATT 1947, together with all its amendments, correc- tions, decisions and so on, to which were added six understandings and a protocol (consisting of new tariff schedules).

Alien Registration- Footer, Mary M. (Brunswick, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/31469/thumbnail.jp

The Role of Consensus in GATT/WTO Decision-making

The most striking aspect of the new World Trade Organization (WTO)\u27 is the extent to which it preserves and consolidates the body of law and practice which has evolved out of the development of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)2 and related instru- ments. Such preservation and consolidation is deliberate as the pre- amble to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (Marrakesh Agreement) makes clear.3 The mechanism chosen for the transition from the GAT-T to the WTO was designed to provide a degree of continuity, stability and thereby predictability in the multilateral trading system. Its occurrence is due, in no small measure, to the active role of the GATT Secretariat in pursuing this initiative and to the willingness of representatives of governments and the European Communities, present at the close of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations at Marrakesh, to agree to it. The Marrakesh Agreement is all the more extraordinary because the antecedent of GATT law and practice was not a succession of one international organization by another international organization nor of treaty succession. Instead, the GATT 1947 - the GAIT which came into force on 1 January 19484 - was integrated into the WTO Agreement, as part of the GATT 1994. The GATT 1994 contains the text of the old GATT 1947, together with all its amendments, correc- tions, decisions and so on, to which were added six understandings and a protocol (consisting of new tariff schedules).

Bits and Pieces: Social and Environmental Protection in the Regulation of Foreign Investment

Article published in the Michigan State International Law Review

Evaluation of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis at a large, tertiary medical center

Emily Fox, PharmD, PGY-1 Pharmacy Resident Brent Footer, PharmD, BCPS; Angel Mendez, Pharmacy Student Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon Evaluation of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis at a large, tertiary medical center Surgical site infections (SSI) are a significant cause of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality. The cost of a single SSI is estimated to be upward of $25,000 and increases a patient’s length of hospital stay by ~10 days. Our institution has identified inappropriate or less than optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis as a potential contributor in several recent SSI cases. Current literature on this topic has found that there may be a role for clinical pharmacists in cyclic auditing to improve surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guideline adherence. This retrospective analysis of hysterectomy, colorectal, and spinal surgeries aims to review surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis for appropriateness based on patient-specific factors and published system and national guidelines. This is an IRB-approved, single institution retrospective chart review of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for adult patients that underwent hysterectomy, colorectal, or spinal surgery between the months of June and August 2019. Specific surgery types were chosen based on requests by surgery leadership and highest potential for quality improvement. Patients were identified by surgery classification via the electronic medical record (EMR). Other relevant data was obtained via the EMR including: surgeon, anesthesiologist, antibiotic regimen, dose, administration time, ordering method, and patient weight. Additional chart review was required for other relevant factors including history of multi-drug resistant organisms and allergy history/severity. The primary outcome measured was compliance to hospital system guidelines, accounting for antibiotic selection, administration timing, and dosing. Primary outcome adherence rates varied greatly depending on the type of surgery. For hysterectomy, 62 of 141 surgeries (44%) achieved the primary outcome, with the primary contributor of non-compliance being selection of an antibiotic regimen inconsistent with system-wide guidelines. For colorectal surgeries, 21 of 35 (60%) achieved the primary outcome, with the primary reason for non-compliance being inappropriate antibiotic administration timing. Additionally, it was identified that history of resistant infections was not properly accounted for when making antibiotic prophylaxis choices, with 3 SSIs resulting from multi-drug resistant organisms in patients with MDRO history. Spinal surgery compliance to the primary outcome was less-clear, as guidelines are not as well-defined. However, MRSA colonization status was not determined via PCR when appropriate for 31 of 148 (21%) of surgeries. Opportunities for pharmacist intervention and education were identified for implementation after chart review of each surgery. Each surgery requires a unique intervention. Primary outcome data and proposed interventions for each surgery was presented to the institutional surgical site infection committee, which met quarterly. Pharmacist cyclic auditing of antibiotic prophylaxis choices resulted in increased discussion and education. Proposed changes are still being considered by surgery department leadership, including a change in antibiotic choice for colorectal surgeries. Future data collection will be performed after changes are implemented to determine improved guideline adherence.https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/pharmacy_PGY1/1013/thumbnail.jp

Policy Issues for Local Governments in New York State

https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/pmp_research/1001/thumbnail.jp