Ubiquitous energy storage

This paper presents a vision of a future power system with "ubiquitous energy storage", where storage would be utilized at all levels of the electricity system. The growing requirement for storage is reviewed, driven by the expansion of distributed generation. The capabilities and existing applications of various storage technologies are presented, providing a useful review of the state of the art. Energy storage will have to be integrated with the power system and there are various ways in which this may be achieved. Some of these options are discussed, as are commercial and regulatory issues. In two case studies, the costs and benefits of some storage options are assessed. It is concluded that electrical storage is not cost effective but that thermal storage offers attractive opportunities

LANDSAT TM image data quality analysis for energy-related applications

This project represents a no-cost agreement between National Aeronautic Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA GSFC) and the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). PNL is a Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory operted by Battelle Memorial Institute at its Pacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland, Washington. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate LANDSAT's thematic mapper (TM) data quality and utility characteristics from an energy research and technological perspective. Of main interest is the extent to which repetitive TM data might support DOE efforts relating to siting, developing, and monitoring energy-related facilities, and to basic geoscientific research. The investigation utilizes existing staff and facility capabilities, and ongoing programmatic activities at PNL and other DOE national laboratories to cooperatively assess the potential usefulness of the improved experimental TM data. The investigation involves: (1) both LANDSAT 4 and 5 TM data, (2) qualitative and quantitative use consideration, and 3) NASA P (corrected) and A (uncorrected) CCT analysis for a variety of sites of DOE interest. Initial results were presented at the LANDSAT Investigator's Workshops and at specialized LANDSAT TM sessions at various conferences

Intense-Field Ionization of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons using Radiation Pulses of Ultrashort Duration: Monohalobenzenes and Azabenzenes

Using 50-fs, 800-nm pulses, we study the intense-field ionization and fragmentation of the monohalobenzenes C_(6)H_(5)-X (X=F, Cl, Br, I) and of the heterocyclics azabenzene C5H5N (pyridine) and the three diazabenzenes C_(4)H_(4)N_(2) (pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine). Avoiding focal intensity averaging we find indications of resonance-enhanced MPI. In the monohalobenzenes the propensity for fragmentation increases for increasing Z: fluorobenzene yields predominantly C6H5Fn+, while iodobenzene yields atomic ions with charges up to I^(8+). We ascribe this to the heavy-atom effect: the large charge of the heavy halogens' nuclei induces ultrafast intersystem crossing to dissociative triplet states

Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar

Development of protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar by means of the standard-target method is documented. Particular systems used in the development work included three that provide the water-column signals, namely the SIMRAD SM2000/90- and 200-kHz sonars and RESON SeaBat 8101 sonar, with operating frequency of 240 kHz. Two facilities were instrumented specifically for the work: a sea well at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and a large, indoor freshwater tank at the University of New Hampshire. Methods for measuring the transfer characteristics of each sonar, with transducers attached, are described and illustrated with measurement results. The principal results, however, are the protocols themselves. These are elaborated for positioning the target, choosing the receiver gain function, quantifying the system stability, mapping the directionality in the plane of the receiving array and in the plane normal to the central axis, measuring the directionality of individual beams, and measuring the nearfield response. General preparations for calibrating multibeam sonars and a method for measuring the receiver response electronically are outlined. Advantages of multibeam sonar calibration and outstanding problems, such as that of validation of the performance of multibeam sonars as configured for use, are mentioned

High-Growth Rate Fails to Enhance Adaptive Immune Responses in Neonatal Calves and Decreases Immune Cell Viability

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of different feeding rates achieving three targeted growth rates (No Growth, Low Growth, and High Growth) on adaptive immune responses of neonatal calves vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and ovalbumin (OVA) 3 wks after initiation of dietary treatments. The daily growth rates for No-, Low-, and High-growth calves were different throughout the experimental period and averaged 0.11 ± 0.02 kg, 0.58 ± .02, and 1.16 ± 0.04 kg, respectively. Adaptive immune responses generally were not affected by growth rate. Ovalbumin-specific IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations after vaccination were not affected by growth rate. Interferon (IFN)-γ and nitric oxide (NO) secretion by PPD-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) also were not affected by growth rate. Antigen (i.e., PPD)-elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity in No-growth calves was greater than Lowgrowth but similar to High-growth calves. Viability of MNL, CD4+, CD8+, and γδTCR+ cells in stimulated and non-stimulated cultures from High-growth calves was substantially lower compared with No- and Low-growth calves. These results suggest protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the absence of weight loss does not affect negatively adaptive immune responses of calves and that increasing growth rate or plane of nutrition above maintenance requirements does not benefit adaptive immune responses. High rates of growth, however, may affect negatively immune cell viability, with potentially deleterious effects on the calf’s resistance to infectious disease

Effects of Intensified Nutrition on Immune Cell Populations in Milk Replacer-Fed Neonatal Calves

Results from the present study confirm the growthpromoting benefits of feeding an intensified milk replacer to dairy calves. Effects of the elevated plane of nutrition on immune variables examined in the present study were minimal. The number of circulating leukocytes and the composition of the PBMC population as well as this population’s general responsiveness and capacity to secrete IgM were not affected by diet. Relative to responses of calves fed the traditional MR, calves fed the intensified MR demonstrated reduced IFN-γ responses and elevated NO responses during the latter stages of the study. Aberrant NO production, however, can result in undesirable host tissue destruction

Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117 (2005): 2013-2027, doi:10.1121/1.1869073.Development of protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar by means of the standard-target method is documented. Particular systems used in the development work included three that provide the water-column signals, namely the SIMRAD SM2000/90- and 200-kHz sonars and RESON SeaBat 8101 sonar, with operating frequency of 240 kHz. Two facilities were instrumented specifically for the work: a sea well at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and a large, indoor freshwater tank at the University of New Hampshire. Methods for measuring the transfer characteristics of each sonar, with transducers attached, are described and illustrated with measurement results. The principal results, however, are the protocols themselves. These are elaborated for positioning the target, choosing the receiver gain function, quantifying the system stability, mapping the directionality in the plane of the receiving array and in the plane normal to the central axis, measuring the directionality of individual beams, and measuring the nearfield response. General preparations for calibrating multibeam sonars and a method for measuring the receiver response electronically are outlined. Advantages of multibeam sonar calibration and outstanding problems, such as that of validation of the performance of multibeam sonars as configured for use, are mentioned.Support by the National Science Foundation through Award No. OCE-0002664, NOAA through Grant No. NA97OG0241, and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR) through NOAA Contract No. NA17RJ1223 is acknowledged