MAKING ANIMALS ALCOHOLIC: SHIFTING LABORATORY MODELS OF ADDICTION

The use of animals as experimental organisms has been critical to the development of addiction research from the nineteenth century. They have been used as a means of generating reliable data regarding the processes of addiction that was not available from the study of human subjects. Their use, however, has been far from straightforward. Through focusing on the study of alcoholism, where the nonhuman animal proved a most reluctant collaborator, this paper will analyze the ways in which scientists attempted to deal with its determined sobriety and account for their consistent failure to replicate the volitional consumption of ethanol to the point of physical dependency. In doing so, we will see how the animal model not only served as a means of interrogating a complex pathology, but also came to embody competing definitions of alcoholism as a disease process, and alternative visions for the very structure and purpose of a research field

Percepção materna da desidratação em crianças com diarréia: estudo de concordância com diagnóstico médico Maternal perception of dehydration in children with diarrhoea: a study of agreement with medical diagnosis

Realizou-se estudo em um hospital infantil do Rio de Janeiro, em crianças hospitalizadas por diarréia, no período de janeiro/87 a fevereiro/88, com o objetivo de destacar a percepção materna dos sinais e sintomas da desidratação em crianças menores de três anos de idade, confrontando-a com o diagnóstico médico. Os sinais e sintomas mais identificados pelas mães foram o número de evacuações, número de vômitos, estado da sede e dos olhos. As mães tiveram dificuldade em perceber a quantidade de urina, o estado de umidade da boca e língua e turgor da pele. Identificaram estes sinais quase sempre como normais ou no máximo, moderadamente alterados. As mães que tenderam a subestimar a gravidade da desidratação apontada pelo médico tem nível de escolaridade baixo, filhos desnutridos e maior dificuldade de acesso ao hospital. Já as que tenderam a superestimar a gravidade, têm melhor nível de instrução, filhos melhor nutridos, maior facilidade de acesso ao hospital, bem como passaram por um menor número de serviços de saúde antes de chegar ao hospital estudado. As mães que concordaram com o diagnóstico médico classificaram-se em uma situação intermediária, embora se aproximando mais das que subestimaram a gravidade. Aquelas mães que já haviam vivenciado um episódio de desidratação anterior no seu filho não apresentaram maior concordância com o diagnóstico do médico, mostrando que o repasse de informação no serviço de saúde foi nulo ou inadequado.<br>The mother's perception of signs and symptoms of dehydration in children under three years of age was studied and compared with the medical classification. The study was carried out in a children's hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, among children hospitalized with diarrhoea between January, 1987 and February, 1988. The number of excretions and of vomitings, thirst and condition of eyes constituted the signs and symptoms most frequently reported by mothers. However, they had difficulty in judging the amount of urine, humidity of mouth and tongue and turgidity of the skin. These signs were almost always regarded as normal or, at most, as indicating only slight alteration. Those mothers who tended to underestimate the severity of the dehydration indicated by the physician were of a lower educational level and had more severely undernourished children and greater difficulty of access to the hospital. On the other hand, those who tended to overestimate it belonged to a higher educational level, had better-nourished children, greater ease of access to the hospital and were attended to by a smaller number of health care services before reaching the hospital surveyed. Those who agreed with the medical diagnosis were in ,an intermediate situation, although they tended to be closer to those who underestimated the gravity of the dehydration. Those mothers whose children had already gone through a dehydration episode did not present a more intense agreement with the physician's diagnosis, thus evidencing that the information afforded at the health care service was either non-existent or inadequate