Landau damping in thin films irradiated by a strong laser field

The rate of linear collisionless damping (Landau damping) in a classical electron gas confined to a heated ionized thin film is calculated. The general expression for the imaginary part of the dielectric tensor in terms of the parameters of the single-particle self-consistent electron potential is obtained. For the case of a deep rectangular well, it is explicitly calculated as a function of the electron temperature in the two limiting cases of specular and diffuse reflection of the electrons from the boundary of the self-consistent potential. For realistic experimental parameters, the contribution of Landau damping to the heating of the electron subsystem is estimated. It is shown that for films with a thickness below about 100 nm and for moderate laser intensities it may be comparable with or even dominate over electron-ion collisions and inner ionization.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

The effect of nonlinearity in CO2 heating rates on the attribution of stratospheric ozone and temperature changes

An analysis of the attribution of past and future changes in stratospheric ozone and temperature to anthropogenic forcings is presented. The analysis is an extension of the study of Shepherd and Jonsson (2008) who analyzed chemistry-climate simulations from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) and attributed both past and future changes to changes in the external forcings, i.e. the abundances of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and well-mixed greenhouse gases. The current study is based on a new CMAM dataset and includes two important changes. First, we account for the nonlinear radiative response to changes in CO2. It is shown that over centennial time scales the radiative response in the upper stratosphere to CO2 changes is significantly nonlinear and that failure to account for this effect leads to a significant error in the attribution. To our knowledge this nonlinearity has not been considered before in attribution analysis, including multiple linear regression studies. For the regression analysis presented here the nonlinearity was taken into account by using CO2 heating rate, rather than CO2 abundance, as the explanatory variable. This approach yields considerable corrections to the results of the previous study and can be recommended to other researchers. Second, an error in the way the CO2 forcing changes are implemented in the CMAM was corrected, which significantly affects the results for the recent past. As the radiation scheme, based on Fomichev et al. (1998), is used in several other models we provide some description of the problem and how it was fixed

Comparative analysis of taxation for special economic zones in Russia and APEC economies

The article is devoted to the analysis of taxation of special economic zones, since special economic zones have become a center of attention in Russia over the latest decades. As objects for the study, the authors selected special economic zones in Russia and the countries participating in the Forum of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC Forum). In the article the authors consider history, modern conditions and prospects for the development of special economic zones. The peculiarities of taxations on profits, organizations' property, transport, land, insurance contributions into the non-budget funds, as well as value-added taxation for the residents of the RF special economic zones are analyzed with regard to their types. The authors assess tax privileges and preferences for some taxes in the special economic zones in Russia and APEC member-countries are evaluated. The main problems of the taxation of the RF special economic zones are articulated together with the possible ways to solve them regarding the experience of APEC economies. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that to increase the effectiveness of special economic zones in Russia, it is necessary to expand the list of tax benefits to introduce a progressive scale of tax incentives, following the example of APEC countries and to improve legislation in the regulation of special economic zones.peer-reviewe

Key schedule based on a modified additive generator

A method of round key generation for iterated block ciphers based on a modified additive generator (MAG), and, in addition, on MAG and a linear congruent generator in a series circuit is proposed. The bijectivity of the generating transformation is demonstrated. Using the matrix-graph approach the number of iterations necessary for achieving enhanced cryptographic properties is experimentally evaluated. This number depends on the generator characteristics

Investigation converter circuit "voltage-current" for power calibrator

The paper presents alternative circuits for voltage-current converters to be used in the calibrator of fictitious power. The experimental studies have revealed a number of problems related to the stability of the system in deep feedback and zero level stabilization of the amplifier. The circuit solutions given in the article allow elimination of these problems and improve the accuracy of calibrator current calibration. For example, correction/corrective circuits are used to ensure the stability of the converter at deep depths of the feedback, and operational amplifier based circuit solution and compensation condition are proposed to reduce the additional phase shift. To improve the accuracy of the calibration current values specified by the calibrator we propose to connect the feedback circuit to the measuring current transformer. However, further improvement of the accuracy class of the power calibrator is impossible without modern electronic components

The Mediterranean problems in the context of the international aspects of the civil war in Spain 1936-1939

In their study, the researchers has made an attempt to analyze such international aspects of the Spanish Civil War as the Mediterranean aspect. The researchers looks at it in the context of international relations on the base of the materials from the Archives of Foreign policy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, published diplomacy documents of main European countrie