On Heavy-Quark Free Energies, Entropies, Polyakov Loop, and AdS/QCD

In this paper we explore some of the features of a heavy quark-antiquark pair at finite temperature using a five-dimensional framework nowadays known as AdS/QCD. We shall show that the resulting behavior is consistent with our qualitative expectations of thermal gauge theory. Some of the results are in good agreement with the lattice data that provides additional evidence for the validity of the proposed model.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures; v2: comments added, misprints correcte

Systemic Therapy for Elderly Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer

The majority of patients with gastrointestinal cancers are over the age of 65. This age group comprises the minority of the patients enrolled in clinical trials, and it is unknown whether older patients achieve similar results as younger patients in terms of survival benefit and tolerability. In addition, there are few studies specifically designed for patients over 65 years. Subset analyses of individual trials and studies using pooled patient data from multiple trials provide some understanding on outcomes in older patients with gastrointestinal cancers. This article reviews the evidence on chemotherapeutic regimens in the elderly with colorectal, pancreatic, and gastroesophageal cancers, and discusses a practical approach to provide the best outcomes for older patients

Comment on Partition Function of Anyon Gas

The general structure of the partition function of an anyon gas is discussed, especially in relation to statements made in Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1621 and Phys. Rev. Lett. 69( 1992) 2877.Comment: 5 pages, Tex (This paper, which was published in Phys. Rev. Lett. but was not available on the archives, is cited in the paper ``Calogero-Sutherland Particles as Quasisemions'', hep-th/9609063

Remarks on Limits on String Scale from Proton Decay and Low-Energy amplitudes in Braneworld Scenario

We discuss IR limit of four-fermion scattering amplitudes in braneworld models including intersecting-branes and SUSY SU(5) GUT version of it. With certain compactification where instanton effect is negligible, grand unification condition in D6-D6 intersecting-branes scenario subject to experimental constraint on proton decay provides possibility for upper limit on the string scale, $M_S$, through relationship between the string coupling, $g_s$, and the string scale. We discuss how IR divergence is related to number of twisted fields we have to introduce into intersection region and how it can change IR behaviour of tree-level amplitudes in various intersecting-branes models. Using number of twisted fields, we identify some intersecting-branes models whose tree-level amplitudes are purely stringy in nature and automatically proportional to $g_s/M^2_{S}$ at low energy. They are consequently suppressed by the string scale. For comparison, we also derive limit on the lower bound of the string scale from experimental constraint on proton decay induced from purely stringy contribution in the coincident-branes model, the limit is about $10^5$ TeV.Comment: 14 page

Fibre Inflation: Observable Gravity Waves from IIB String Compactifications

We introduce a simple string model of inflation, in which the inflaton field can take trans-Planckian values while driving a period of slow-roll inflation. This leads naturally to a realisation of large field inflation, inasmuch as the inflationary epoch is well described by the single-field scalar potential $V = V_0 (3-4 e^{-\hat\varphi/\sqrt{3}})$. Remarkably, for a broad class of vacua all adjustable parameters enter only through the overall coefficient $V_0$, and in particular do not enter into the slow-roll parameters. Consequently these are determined purely by the number of \e-foldings, $N_e$, and so are not independent: $\varepsilon \simeq \frac32 \eta^2$. This implies similar relations among observables like the primordial scalar-to-tensor amplitude, $r$, and the scalar spectral tilt, $n_s$: $r \simeq 6(n_s - 1)^2$. $N_e$ is itself more model-dependent since it depends partly on the post-inflationary reheat history. In a simple reheating scenario a reheating temperature of $T_{rh}\simeq 10^{9}$ GeV gives $N_e\simeq 58$, corresponding to $n_s\simeq 0.970$ and $r\simeq 0.005$, within reach of future observations. The model is an example of a class that arises naturally in the context of type IIB string compactifications with large-volume moduli stabilisation, and takes advantage of the generic existence there of Kahler moduli whose dominant appearance in the scalar potential arises from string loop corrections to the Kahler potential. The inflaton field is a combination of Kahler moduli of a K3-fibered Calabi-Yau manifold. We believe there are likely to be a great number of models in this class -- `high-fibre models' -- in which the inflaton starts off far enough up the fibre to produce observably large primordial gravity waves.Comment: Extended calculations beyond the leading approximations, including numerical integrations of multi-field evolution; Display an example with $r = 0.01$; Simplify the discussion of large fields; Corrected minor errors and typos; Added references; 41 pages LaTeX, 25 figure

中枢神経障害にともなう関節拘縮を考える : 関節固定にともなう関節拘縮との比較を通して

近年，動物モデルの分析を通じて，関節固定そして中枢神経障害にともなう関節拘縮はそれぞれ区別されるべきとの根拠が提示されるようになってきた。これまでに得られた結果は（1）原因が異なると，関節拘縮の進行に筋と関節構成体のそれぞれが関与する割合は異なる，（2）滑膜に生じる病理変化は中枢神経障害モデルの変化の方がより多面的である，（3）原因が異なると，関節軟骨の厚さに異なる変化が異なる分布で発生する，と要約できる。現時点では治療法は区別されていないが，こうした知見は原因別に最適化された治療アプローチが必要であることを示している。これまで各種治療の関節可動域の治療効果は，主に関節固定モデルを用いて検証されてきた。そこで得られた情報は，中枢神経障害における関節拘縮の治療でも利用できる可能性がある。しかし，病態は同一ではないため，治療による可動域，そして組織への効果は，原因ごとに検討される必要がある。Analyzing experimental animal tests, there is growing evidence demonstrating that respective contractures following joint immobilization and central nervous system（CNS）injury should be distinguished. Results from the tests could be summarized as follows:（1）roles of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures are different causedependently, (2）pathological changes in synovial membrane are more complex in contractures following CNS injury,（3）depending on the cause of contractures, differences in articular cartilage thickness appear in different manners and locations. These findings indicate that differing optimized therapeutic approaches are required cause-dependently, whereas such a distinction is not made at present. To date, the effect of therapeutic strategies on joint range of motion has been studied using experimental joint immobilization models mainly. Information from these studies could be used to treat contractures following CNS injury. However, therapeutic effects on joint motion, morphology and physiology should be tested for joint immobilization and CNS injury models, respectively, because differences are seen in pathology.総説General Articl

Postpartum endometritis and infection following incomplete or complete abortion: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data

Need for developing case definitions and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation for postpartum endometritis and infection following incomplete or complete abortion as adverse events following maternal immunization

WHO informal consultation on revision of guidelines on evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products, virtual meeting, 30 June – 2 July 2021

Publisher Copyright: © 2022The WHO informal consultation was held to promote the revision of WHO guidelines on evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products (SBPs) adopted by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) in 2009. It was agreed in the past consultations that the evaluation principles in the guidelines are still valid, but a review was recommended to provide more clarity and case-by-case flexibility. The opportunity was therefore taken to review the experience and identify areas where the current guidance could be more permissive without compromising its basic principles, and where additional explanation could be provided regarding the possibility of reducing the amount of data needed for regulatory approval. The meeting participants applauded the leading role taken by the WHO in providing a much-needed streamlined approach for development and evaluation of SBPs which will provide efficient and cost-effective product development and increase patient access to treatments. It was recognized that the principles as currently described in the draft WHO guidelines are based on sound science and experience gained over the last fifteen years of biosimilar approvals. However, since these guidelines when finalised will constitute the global standard for biosimilar evaluation and assist national regulatory authorities in establishing revised guidance and regulatory practice in this complex area, it was felt that further revision and clarity on certain perspectives in specific areas was necessary to dispel uncertainties arising in the current revised version. This report describes the principles in the draft guidelines, including topics discussed and consensus reached.Peer reviewe