New early Eocene vertebrate assemblage from western India reveals a mixed fauna of European and Gondwana affinities

AbstractThe Ypresian Cambay Shale Formation at Vastan and Mangrol lignite mines in Gujarat, western India, has yielded a rich vertebrate fauna with numerous taxa of European affinities. Here we report a new, approximately contemporary vertebrate assemblage from two fossiliferous layers in the nearby mine of Tadkeshwar. These layers have yielded a similar mammal fauna with the co-occurrence of the perissodactyl-like cambaytheriid Cambaytherium thewissi, the adapoid primates Marcgodinotius indicus and cf. Asiadapis cambayensis, and the hyaenodontid Indohyaenodon raoi. The presence of these species in both Vastan and Tadkeshwar mines and at different levels suggests that the deposits between the two major lignite seams represent a single land mammal age. Apart from the aforementioned species there is a new, smaller species of Cambaytherium, and a new genus and species of esthonychid tillodont. This fauna also contains the first large early Eocene vertebrates from India, including an unidentified Coryphodon-like pantodont, a dyrosaurid crocodyliform and a new giant madtsoiid snake. Among the Tadkeshwar vertebrates several taxa are of Gondwana affinities, such as Pelomedusoides turtles, dyrosaurids, and large madtsoiids, attesting that the early Eocene was a crucial period in India during which Laurasian taxa of European affinities co-existed with relict taxa from Gondwana before the India-Asia collision. Our results suggest that terrestrial faunas could have dispersed to or from Europe during episodes of contact between the Indian subcontinent and different island blocks along the northern margin of the Neotethys, such as the Kohistan–Ladakh island-arc system. Gondwana taxa might represent remnants of ghost lineages shared with Madagascar, which reached the Indian subcontinent during the late Cretaceous; alternatively they might have come from North Africa and passed along the southern margin of the Neotethys to reach the Indian subcontinent. These dispersals would have been possible as a result of favourable paleogeographic conditions such as the particular Neotethys conformation during the beginning of the early Eocene

The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections

The Quercy Phosphorites Formation in France is world famous for its Eocene to Miocene faunas, especially those from the upper Eocene to lower Oligocene, the richest of all. The latter particularly helped to understand the ‘Grande Coupure’, a dramatic faunal turnover event that occurred in Europe during the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Fossils from the Quercy Phosphorites were excavated from the middle 19th century until the early 20th century in a series of sites and became subsequently dispersed over several research institutions, while often losing the temporal and geographical information in the process. In this contribution, we provide an overview and reassess the taxonomy of these barely known collections housed in three Belgian institutions: the Université de Liège, KU Leuven, and the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. We focus our efforts on the carnivorous mammals (Hyaenodonta and Carnivoramorpha) and assess the stratigraphic intervals covered by each collection. These fossils are derived from upper Eocene (Priabonian), lower Oligocene (Rupelian), and upper Oligocene (Chattian) deposits in the Quercy area. The richness of the three collections (e.g., the presence of numerous postcranial elements in the Liège collection), the presence of types and figured specimens in the Leuven collection, and some identified localities in the RBINS collection make these collections of great interest for further studies on systematics and the evolution of mammals around the ‘Grande Coupure’

First Evidence of Reproductive Adaptation to “Island Effect” of a Dwarf Cretaceous Romanian Titanosaur, with Embryonic Integument In Ovo

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of Romania are famous for geographically endemic dwarfed dinosaur taxa. We report the first complete egg clutches of a dwarf lithostrotian titanosaur, from Toteşti, Romania, and its reproductive adaptation to the “island effect”.</p> <h3>Methodology/Findings</h3><p>The egg clutches were discovered in sequential sedimentary layers of the Maastrichtian Sânpetru Formation, Toteşti. The occurrence of 11 homogenous clutches in successive strata suggests philopatry by the same dinosaur species, which laid clutches averaging four ∼12 cm diameters eggs. The eggs and eggshells display numerous characters shared with the positively identified material from egg-bearing level 4 of the Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia, Argentina) nemegtosaurid lithostrotian nesting site. Microscopic embryonic integument with bacterial evidences was recovered in one egg. The millimeter-size embryonic integument displays micron size dermal papillae implying an early embryological stage at the time of death, likely corresponding to early organogenesis before the skeleton formation.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>The shared oological characters between the Haţeg specimens and their mainland relatives suggest a highly conservative reproductive template, while the nest decrease in egg numbers per clutch may reflect an adaptive trait to a smaller body size due to the “island effect”. The combined presence of the lithostrotian egg and its embryo in the Early Cretaceous Gobi coupled with the oological similarities between the Haţeg and Auca Mahuevo oological material evidence that several titanosaur species migrated from Gondwana through the Haţeg Island before or during the Aptian/Albian. It also suggests that this island might have had episodic land bridges with the rest of the European archipelago and Asia deep into the Cretaceous.</p> </div

Evolution des amphibiens et squamates de la transition Crétacé-Paléogène en Europe: les faunes du Maastrichtien du bassin de Hateg (Roumanie) et du Paléocène du Bassin de Mons (Belgique)

Les herpétofaunes du Maastrichtien du Bassin de Hateg (Roumanie) et du Paléocène Moyen du Bassin de Mons (Belgique) ont été analysées dans le but d’étudier l’influence de la crise Crétacé/Paléogène sur ces faunes en Europe et de contribuer à élucider leur origine biogéographique. Pour ce faire, nous disposions de 228, 56 et 19 spécimens provenant respectivement des gisements roumains de Pui-Islaz, Totesti-baraj et Nãlat-Vad ainsi que de 1054 spécimens provenant du puits de Hainin. Les herpétofaunes du Bassin de Hateg se composent d’au moins un allocaudate albanerpetontidé du genre Albanerpeton, de deux anoures discoglossidés, de deux lacertiliens paramacellodidés ainsi que du premier vrai téiidé identifié jusqu’au niveau spécifique en Europe et d’un serpent madtsoiidé. Les herpétofaunes du Bassin de Mons nous indiquent quant à elles que les caudates sont représentés par 3 nouvelles espèces de salamandridés, les anoures par un nouveau genre de discoglossidé ainsi que par une nouvelle espèce de palaeobatrachidé. La présence des lacertiliens est attestée par 2 nouveaux genres de scincoïdes ainsi que par 6 autres scincomorphes indéterminés, par un nouveau genre d’amphisbène et peut-être également par un anguidé apode. Les serpents sont quant à eux représentés par le plus ancien boidé d’Europe ainsi que par le plus ancien scolécophidien découvert jusqu’ici. Ces données paléontologiques ainsi que les données lithologiques des deux localités analysées, indiquent que le climat était tempéré chaud et humide avec des étendues d’eaux stagnantes. Ce travail permet également de conclure que la crise Crétacé/Paléogène n’a pas influencé les faunes européennes de manière dramatique.Seuls les allocaudates albanerpetontidés, les lacertiliens polyglyphanodontinés et les serpents madtsoiidés disparaissent après la crise tandis que les caudates salamandridés et batrachosauroididés, les anoures discoglossidés et palaeobatrachidés, et les lacertiliens scincoïdes et amphisbènes, ne semblent pas avoir été affectés par cette crise en Europe. Par ailleurs, les herpétofaunes du Maastrichtien européen ont subi une influence nord-américaine suite à une migration ayant eu lieu durant le Crétacé Supérieur. Une vague de migration se serait également produite au Paléocène Supérieur, entre le MP1-5 et le MP6, et une autre au début de l’Eocène correspondant à celle déjà mise en évidence pour les mammifères. Cette dernière vague serait responsable de l’arrivée de nombreuses familles modernes de lacertiliens tels les agamidae, geckonidae, varanidés, helodermatidés et lacertidés.Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe