WATER REGIME EFFECTS ON PHENOLOGY AND SEED YIELD OF TWO COMMON BEAN CULTIVARS GROWN IN DURANGO, MÉXICO

INTRODUCTION: In the State of Durango, México, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food product used for direct human consumption, after grain cooking. Common bean is cultivated mainly under rainfed conditions in despite of its decisive role in local economy, human nutrition and nutraceutical contribution for human health. Under rainfed conditions water shortage (intermittent drought) and yield losses in common beans are the main factors causing negative impacts on the farmer´s economy. Some attempts have been made to use common beans under irrigated conditions in order to improve water productivity and to stabilize seed yield. Early maturity and low water requirements were introduced in modern ‘pinto’ common bean cultivars in order to improve seed yield. Characterization of modern cultivars is required in order to implement the use of technological tools for precise irrigation scheduling; as well as for phenology and yield prediction. The growing degree days (°D) concept, which is based on actual temperatures, is considered as a simple and accurate method to predict when a certain plant stage will occur (Miller et al., 2001). The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of three water regimes on phenology and seed yield of common bean at three experimental sites in the State of Durango, México

Técnicas de conservación del agua en riego por gravedad a nivel parcelario

In Mexico, the availability of water in arid and semi-arid areas is highly critical. The agricultural sector requires large volumes of water to meet the water requirements of crops. Despite the acquisition of irrigation systems to have an efficient management of water, most of the agricultural areas have inadequate irrigation technology that generates conveyance losses and water distribution. Gravity irrigation at plantation level has a low efficiency in implementation and there is no measurement and irrigation scheduling to meet the demands of the crop in terms of timeliness and efficiency as well. This research was conducted in northern Sinaloa, Mexico during the autumn-winter 2006-2007 season, sowing maize (Zea mays L.) in the Fort Valley Experimental Field (INIFAP) and with a cooperating producer. The water conservation techniques in surface irrigation evaluated were: irrigation in beds, irrigation expenditure reduction, alternate furrow irrigation and conventional irrigation. Alternate furrow technique was the best alternative in terms of irrigation efficiency and performance, getting in the Experimental 13.8 t ha-1 on average, 83.65% efficiency ofapplication and 88.19% uniformity, and producer 11.86 t ha -1 with 79% efficiency of application and 83.42% uniformity.En México, la disponibilidad de agua en zonas áridas y semiáridas es altamente critica. El sector agrícola requiere de grandes volúmenes de agua para satisfacer los requerimientos hídricos de los cultivos. Apesar de la adquisición de sistemas de riego para tener un manejo eficiente del agua, la mayor parte de las zonas agrícolas cuentan con tecnología de riego inadecuada que genera pérdidas en la conducción y distribución del agua. El riego por gravedad a nivel parcelario tiene una baja eficiencia en su aplicación y además, no existe una programación y medición del riego para satisfacer las demandas de los cultivos en términos de oportunidad y eficiencia. La presente investigación se realizó en el norte de Sinaloa, México durante el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2006-2007, se sembró maíz (Zea mays L.) en el Campo Experimental Valle del Fuerte (INIFAP) y con un productor cooperante. Las técnicas de conservación del agua en riego por gravedad evaluadas fueron las siguientes: riego en camas, riego por reducción de gasto, riego por surcos alternos y riego convencional. La técnica de surcos alternos fue la mejor alternativa en términos de eficiencia de riego y rendimiento; obteniendo en el Campo Experimental 13.8 t ha-1 en promedio, 83.65% de eficiencia de aplicación y 88.19% de uniformidad, y con el productor 11.86 t ha-1 con 79% de eficiencia de aplicación y 83.42% de uniformidad

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN