Nutritional disorders

Different nutritional deficiencies or toxicities may limit bean development and yield. N and P deficiencies are the most frequent, although deficiency of minor elements and Al/Mn toxicity can reduce yields considerably. Nutritional problems are usually diagnosed by soil and plant tissue analyses and the observation of symptoms produced by nutritional disorders. Optimum pH for bean production varies between 6.5 and 7.5; within these limits, the majority of the plant nutrients have their max. availability. Color illustrations are given of the symptoms of plant deficiencies and toxicities. (CIAT)Diversas deficiencias o toxicidades nutricionales pueden limitar el desarrollo del frijol y su rendimiento. Las deficiencias de N y P son las mas frecuentes, aunque las de elementos menores y la toxicidad de Al y Mn pueden reducir considerablemente los rendimientos. Los problemas nutricionales se diagnostican mediante el analisis del suelo y del tejido vegetal, y la observacion de los sintomas producidos por desordenes nutricionales. El pH optimo para producir frijol fluctua entre 6.5 y 7.5; dentro de estos limites, la mayoria de los elementos nutritivos de la planta presentan su max. disponibilidad. Se presentan ilustraciones a color de los sintomas de deficiencia o toxicidad en las plantas. (CIAT

Diagnóstico de problemas de fertilidad de suelos: visión actual

Diagnosis of soil fertility problems: Current vision The importance of a ‘correct diagnosis’ of soil fertility and other problems faced by the rice crop as the basis of a ‘correct treatment’ is reviewed and highlighted. The diagnosis of nutritional disorders of rice crops indicates that there are common aspects and weaknesses in both upland and irrigated (flooded) crops. In the case of irrigated rice, any situation of nutrient deficiency or plant toxicity due to a given nutrient is affected by the reductive reactions that nutrients undergo in the absence of oxygen; these reactions are typical of the chemistry of flooded soils. The different stages of diagnosis—clinic, preliminary, advanced, and final—are described and analyzed. Guidelines are also provided for visually characterizing symptoms of nutritional disorders and it is suggested to prepare symptomatology tables that contain the highest number possible of nutritional disorders. These tables can be used to replace the classical representation of symptoms, which generally consists of one rice leaf with a single manifestation of the disorder, and to characterize double and triple deficiencies as well as combined deficiencies and toxic effects.Se revisa y enfatiza la importancia de un ‘diagnóstico acertado’ como fundamento de un ‘tratamiento correcto’, tanto en la fertilidad del suelo como en otros problemas del cultivo de arroz. El diagnóstico de los desórdenes nutricionales del cultivo de arroz presenta aspectos relevantes y debilidades, tanto en el sistema de secano como en el sistema de riego e inundación del terreno. En este último, conviene hacer énfasis en que una situación de deficiencia o de toxicidad en las plantas, por causa de un nutriente, es afectada por las reacciones de reducción que experimentan los nutrientes en ausencia de oxígeno; estas reacciones son típicas de la química de los suelos inundados. Se describen y analizan las diversas etapas del diagnóstico: clínica, preliminar, avanzada y final, y se presenta una guía para caracterizar visualmente los síntomas de los desórdenes nutricionales. Al mismo tiempo, se sugiere construir cuadros de sintomatología que representen el mayor número possible de estos desórdenes nutricionales, y que sirvan para sustituir la representación clásica del síntoma, la cual consiste, generalmente, en una hoja de arroz con una sola manifestación del desorden. Estos cuadros sintomatológicos podrán caracterizar deficiencias dobles y triples, así como la combinación de deficiencias y toxicidades

Determining science teachers’ ideas about the science process skills: a case study

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate science teachers’ ideas about the science process skills (SPS) using qualitative analysis. This study was carried out at the first term of 2008- 2009 academic year. A case study research methodology was used. The sample of this study consisted of 10 science teachers (ST), who has been working at Giresun center elementary schools in Turkey. A semi-structured interview procedure was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed with Nvivo 8 program. The results indicate that the majority of sample have not had widespread theoretical knowledge on SPS

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Revision de algunos criterios sobre la recomendacion de fertilizantes en frijol

The problem of fertilizer recommendations is discussed and each criterion to be considered is analyzed: amount of nutrients in the soil, crop requirements, fertilizer efficiency, and economic aspect of fertilization. A list of some var. tolerant to adverse soil conditions (low P, high Al) is presented as well as curves of nutrient uptake and of efficiency of fertilizer applications, and estimation of nutritional requirements. (CIAT)Se discute el problema de la recomendacion de fertilizantes y se analizan cada uno de los criterios a considerarse: cantidad de nutrimentos que tiene el suelo, requerimientos del cultivo, eficiencia de los fertilizantes y aspecto economico de la fertilizacion. Se presentan una lista de algunas var. de frijol tolerantes a condiciones adversas de suelo (bajo P, alto Al), graficas de curvas de absorcion de nutrimentos y eficiencia de las aplicaciones de fertilizantes, y calculo de los requerimientos nutricionales. (CIAT

Respuesta de estudio de algunos componentes de una metodologia para investigar los cultivos asociados en el tropico latinoamericano

Studies of planting dates, densities and patterns in maize bean associations were conducted in Colombia. An efficient methodology is needed to gain a better understanding of maize/bean systems and other crop combinations. The ideal system should minimize competition among the crops (for light, water and nutrients) and maximize complementation (e.g., by using maize as a support for beans). The studies suggest how the plant breeder might modify plants to enhance their productivity in multiple crop systems. A series of practices are also suggested for the farmer. Certain factors affecting the farmer are discussed, including diversity, human nutrition, risk, income distribution and efficient use of scarce resources for the small farmer. (AS