Effect of iron supplementation on the erosive potential of carbonated or decarbonated beverage

This study evaluated, in vitro, the effect of iron (previously exposed with enamel powder or added directly to the beverage) on the erosive potential of carbonated or decarbonated beverage. Four sets of experiments were done. For groups E1 and E3, a solution containing 30 mmol/L FeSO4 was added to bovine enamel powder (particles between 75-106 mm) before exposure to the carbonated or decarbonated beverage (Sprite Zero®), respectively. For groups E2 and E4, 15 mmol/L FeSO4 was added directly to the carbonated or decarbonated beverage, respectively. Control groups were included for comparison. In controls C1 and C3, the experiments E1 and E3 were repeated, but the iron solution was replaced by deionized water. For controls C2 and C4, the carbonated and decarbonated beverage, respectively, was used, without addition of iron. After addition of the beverage to the powdered enamel (40 mg enamel powder/400 mL of final volume), the sample was vortexed for 30 s and immediately centrifuged for 30 s (11,000 rpm). The supernatant was removed after 1 min 40 s. This procedure was repeated in quintuplicate and the phosphate released was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The results were analyzed by Student's t-test (

Effect of iron on the prevention of tooth wear: in vitro and in situ studies

Este projeto teve como objetivos investigar o efeito do íon ferro (Fe+2), associado ou não ao íon flúor (F-), na redução da erosão do esmalte e da dentina bovinos, bem como desenvolver e avaliar um dentifrício enriquecido com Fe+2 para a prevenção da erosão associada à abrasão. Foram realizados 4 subprojetos: (1) Determinação do efeito protetor de concentrações crescentes do Fe+2 (0 a 120 mmol/L) associadas ou não ao F- (0 a 4 g/mL), contra a dissolução do pó de esmalte bovino in vitro; (2) Avaliação, in vitro, do efeito protetor do Fe+2 a 10 mmol/L contra a dissolução mineral da superfície do esmalte bovino; (3) Desenvolvimento e avaliação, in vitro, de dentifrícios fluoretados enriquecidos com diferentes concentrações de Fe+2, visando à prevenção da perda mineral do esmalte bovino; (4) Avaliação, in situ, do efeito inibidor do dentifrício acrescido de Fe+2 e F- na desmineralização do esmalte e dentina bovinos sadios ou previamente erodidos. As variáveis de resposta utilizadas foram a quantificação da perda de fósforo (colorimetria) e o desgaste (perfilometria, m) para os subprojetos 1 e 2, e 3 e 4, respectivamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (p<0,05). Para o Subprojeto (1), a ANOVA a 2 critérios e o teste de Bonferroni revelaram que soluções contendo Fe+2 a 1,25, 2,5, 5,0, 10, 15 e 30 mmol/L reduziram significativamente a dissolução do pó de esmalte bovino em 18, 18, 23, 35, 35 e 55%, respectivamente, em comparação ao controle (sem Fe+2). Na presença de F-, o efeito do Fe+2 na inibição da dissolução do esmalte foi reduzido, não havendo efeito sinérgico entre estes íons nas condições testadas. No Subprojeto (2), a ANOVA a 2 critérios e o teste de Bonferroni, mostraram uma redução significativa na desmineralização da superfície do esmalte bovino em torno de 30 a 40%, quando se utilizou solução de Fe+2 a 10 mmol/L. No Subprojeto (3), a ANOVA revelou diferença significativa entre os grupos (Placebo, 1100 g/mL de F-, Crest®, Fe+2 1,0 mg/g, Fe+2 2,5 mg/g, Fe+2 5,0 mg/g, F- (1100 g/mL) + Fe+2 1,0 mg/g, F- (1100 g/mL) + Fe+2 2,5 mg/g e F- (1100 g/mL) + Fe+2 5,0 mg/g) (F=4,734, p<0,0001). O menor desgaste (0,48±0,24 m) foi apresentado pelo grupo em que foi utilizado o dentifrício contendo 1100 g/mL F- e 5 mg/g Fe+2. No Subprojeto (4), para o esmalte hígido a ANOVA a 2 critérios revelou uma diferença significativa entre os dentifrícios, (F=21,72, p<0,0001), mas não entre as condições (só erosão, erosão + slurry, erosão + abrasão) (F=1,20, p=0,32) e nem para a interação entre ambos (F = 1,04, p=0,41). O teste de Bonferroni revelou que os blocos que receberam o dentifrício contendo Fe+2 e F- apresentaram valores de desgaste significativamente menores quando comparados aos blocos submetidos aos demais dentifrícios, os quais não diferiram significativamente entre si. Para a dentina hígida, o esmalte previamente erodido e a dentina previamente erodida, o mesmo padrão foi seguido, apesar destes dois últimos terem apresentado valores de desgaste maiores que aqueles observados para os blocos hígidos.The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of iron (Fe+2) associated or not to fluoride (F-) on the reduction of bovine enamel and dentin erosion, as well as to develop and evaluate a dentifrice containing Fe+2 to prevent erosion associated to abrasion. Four subprojects were done: (1) In vitro determination of the protective effect of increasing Fe+2 concentrations (0 to 120 mmol/L) associated or not to F- (0 to 4 g/mL) against the dissolution of powdered enamel; (2) In vitro evaluation of the protective effect of 10 mol/L Fe+2 against the mineral dissolution of superficial bovine enamel; (3) Development and in vitro evaluation of fluorided dentifrices containing different Fe+2 concentrations in order to prevent the mineral loss of bovine enamel; and (4) In situ evaluation of the effect of a dentifrice containing Fe+2 and F- on the demineralization of sound or previously eroded bovine enamel and dentin. The response variables were quantification of phosphate loss (colorimetry) and tooth wear (perfilometry, m) for the subprojects 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, respectively. Data were submitted to statistical analyses (p <0.05). In subproject (1), two-way ANOVA and Bonferronis test revealed that solutions containing 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 30.0 mmol/L Fe+2 significantly reduced the dissolution of powdered enamel at 18, 18, 23, 35, 35 and 55%, respectively, in comparison to control (without Fe+2). In the presence of F-, the effect of Fe+2 on the dissolution of enamel was reduced and no synergistic effect between these ions was observed in the tested conditions. In Subproject (2), two-way ANOVA and Bonferronis test showed a significant reduction on surface demineralization of bovine enamel (around 30-40%), when the solution containing Fe+2 at 10 mmol/L was used. In Subproject (3), ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the groups (Placebo, 1,100 g/mL F, Crest®, 1.0 mg/g Fe+2, 2.5 mg/g Fe+2, 5.0 mg/g Fe+2, F- (1, 100 g/mL) + 1,0 mg/g Fe+2, F- (1100 g/mL) + 2,5 mg/g Fe+2 and F- (1,100 g/mL) + 5,0 mg/g Fe+2) (F=4,734, p<0,0001). The lowest wear (0.48±0.24 m) was observed when the dentifrice containing F + Fe was used. In Subproject (4), for sound enamel, two-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the dentifrices, (F=21.72, p<0.0001), but not among the conditions (erosion only, erosion + slurry, erosion + abrasion) (F=1.20, p=0.32) or for the interaction of both (F = 1.04, p=0.41). The Bonferronis test revealed that the blocks which received the dentifrice containing Fe+2 and F- presented significantly lesser wear when compared to the blocks submitted to the other dentifrices, which did not differ significantly among each other. As for sound dentin as well as for previously eroded enamel and dentin, the same pattern was obtained but the latter two presented wear values higher than those seen for the sound blocks

Effect of iron supplementation on the erosive potential of carbonated or decarbonated beverage

This study evaluated, in vitro, the effect of iron (previously exposed with enamel powder or added directly to the beverage) on the erosive potential of carbonated or decarbonated beverage. Four sets of experiments were done. For groups E1 and E3, a solution containing 30 mmol/L FeSO4 was added to bovine enamel powder (particles between 75-106 mm) before exposure to the carbonated or decarbonated beverage (Sprite Zero®), respectively. For groups E2 and E4, 15 mmol/L FeSO4 was added directly to the carbonated or decarbonated beverage, respectively. Control groups were included for comparison. In controls C1 and C3, the experiments E1 and E3 were repeated, but the iron solution was replaced by deionized water. For controls C2 and C4, the carbonated and decarbonated beverage, respectively, was used, without addition of iron. After addition of the beverage to the powdered enamel (40 mg enamel powder/400 mL of final volume), the sample was vortexed for 30 s and immediately centrifuged for 30 s (11,000 rpm). The supernatant was removed after 1 min 40 s. This procedure was repeated in quintuplicate and the phosphate released was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The results were analyzed by Student's t-test (p<0.05). E2 presented the best results with a significant inhibition (around 36%) of phosphate released. For E3 and E4 a non-significant inhibition (around 4 and 12%, respectively), was observed. For E1 an increase in phosphate loss was detected. Thus, the protective effect of iron seems to be better when this ion is directly added to the carbonated beverage

Supplementation of soft drinks with metallic ions reduces dissolution of bovine enamel

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of metallic ions to carbonated drinks on their erosive potential. Material and Methods: Powdered enamel was added to carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola™ or Sprite Zero™) and shaken for 30 s. The samples were then immediately centrifuged and the supernatant removed. This procedure was repeated 5 times with the beverages containing Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ or Zn2+ (1.25-60 mmol/L). For Coca-Cola™, the concentration of each ion that exhibited the highest protection was also evaluated in combination with Fe2+. The phosphate or calcium released were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results: For Coca-Cola™, the best protective effect was observed for Zn2+ alone (10 mmol/L) or in combination (1 mmol/L) with other ions (12% and 27%, respectively, when compared with the control). Regarding Sprite Zero™, the best protective effect was observed for Cu2+ at 15 and 30 mmol/L, which decreased the dissolution by 22-23%. Zn2+ at 2.5 mmol/L also reduced the dissolution of powdered enamel by 8%. Conclusions: The results suggest that the combination of metallic ions can be an alternative to reduce the erosive potential of Coca-Cola™. Regarding Sprite Zero™, the addition of Cu2+ seems to be the best alternative.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP