Gonzalo de Berceo in Spanish Literary Criticism before 1780

In Spanish literature the first poet whose name we know with certainty is Gonzalo de Berceo, who flourished in the first half of the thirteenth century. The first complete edition of his works did not appear until toward the end of the eighteenth century. What happened to them and what was thought of them during the five centuries that intervened between the death of the poet and the year 1780, when the learned Librarian of the King, Don Tomás Antonio Sánchez, published the second volume of his Collección de Poesías Castellanas Anteriores al Siglo XV giving it the subtitle of Poesías de Don Gonzalo de Berceo? The question is not without interest; neither are the results of the investigations that lead us toward the possibility of answering it. Consequently, I propose setting forth with the utmost brevity the results that I have so far been able to obtain from my investigations. In citing the texts that speak of Berceo, I shall not stop to comment on them, nor even to correct the errors–sometimes rather serious-they may contain

Boron nanobelts grown under intensive ion bombardment

High-quality α-tetragonal crystalline boronnanobelts with [001] growth axis were synthesized using a novel method combining e-beam evaporation and plasma ion bombardment techniques. Intensive ion bombardment of the growingboronnanobelts at a high substrate temperature (∼1200°C) was found to be effective in increasing the atomic density, reducing the crystal disorder, and improving the yield of the nanobelts.This work was supported by the Australian Research Council ARC

Assessing Vulnerability of Selected Sectors Under Environmental Tax Reform: The Issue of Pricing Power. ESRI WP222. October 2007

This paper investigates pricing power, an important criterion for identifying sectors that would be vulnerable under environmental tax reform. Environmental tax reform, defined here as introduction of carbon taxes alongside reductions in labour taxes, could bear heavily on sectors that are energy intensive and highly traded, in particular if their options for adapting technology are limited. However, a sector with pricing power has less to fear as, rather than having to conform to the world price, it can set its price to accommodate a tax mark-up

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTS: TIME SERIES + ECO-TAXES

This study was commissioned by the European Commission in cooperation with Eurostat with the objective of improving and extending the scope of the environmental accounts for Ireland. It follows two previous studies, Pilot Environmental Accounts published by the Central Statistics Office and the Satellite Environmental Accounts for Ireland 1996, unpublished report to Eurostat (2000). As indicated in the title, this study presents time series, which in some cases are of considerable length, and provides information on what could loosely be called eco-taxes. Additionally, where feasible the study relates environmental information to the underlying economic magnitudes and movements, and broadens the information considerably. The report consists of three self-contained sections. The sections cover (1) emissions to air, (2) discharges to water and (3) disposals of solid waste and these three types of releases to the environment are disaggregated according to NACE Rev 1 by five major economic sectors: Agriculture/forestry/fishing Energy transformation Industry Transport Services Households though in some areas the breakdown is unavoidably less detailed and it is more detailed in others. Section 1 on emissions to air concentrates on greenhouse gases and on improving the underlying information on energy use. Behavioural analyses have been hampered in the past by inadequate time-series of energy-related prices and taxes so that a large effort was devoted here to presenting coherent time-series of these items

Effect of ion mass on the evolution of extended defects during annealing of MeV ion-implanted p-type Si

Evolution of extended defects during annealing of MeV ion-implanted p-type Si has been characterized using deep level transient spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The p-type Si was implanted with Si, Ge, and Sn ions with varying energies and doses from 5×10¹² to 1×10¹⁴ cm⁻² then annealed at 800 °C for 15 min. For all implanted species, the critical dose for transformation from point to extended defects has been determined. The type of extended defects formed depends upon the mass of the implanted species even though the dose was adjusted to create a similar damage distribution for all implanted species.Australian Research Council supported J. W. L

The Presence of the Diphtheria Bacillus on Healthy Surfaces.

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Effect of implant temperature on secondary defects created by MeV Sn implantation in silicon

Secondary defects induced by ion implantation in silicon after annealing have been previously shown to vary with the implantation and annealing conditions. However, in the low dose implants, well below the amorphization dose, the defects have been predominantly characterized to be interstitial in nature. In this article, we study the effect of implant temperature on secondary defects created by 1 MeV Sn implantation to a dose of 3×10¹³ cm⁻² after subsequent annealing. We report a variation in the defect microstructure with implant temperature showing preferential formation of small interstitial loops for −191 °C and only rod-like defects for similar implants carried out at 300 °C. We conclude that these microstructures are a result of the dense cascades created by heavy Sn ions, creating local amorphous pockets in the implant damage region at the lowest implant temperatures. The variation of the microstructure with implant temperature is interpreted in terms of the effect of dynamic annealing over the defects formed in silicon.One of the authors (J.W-L.) would like to acknowledge the Australian Research Council for financial support under the ARC fellowship program

OH-bearing planar defects in olivine produced by the breakdown of Ti-rich humite minerals from Dabie Shan (China)

The partial breakdown of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite during exhumation from ultra-high pressure to amphibolite facies conditions in garnet-pyroxenites from Dabie Shan (China) produces coronas of olivine coexisting with ilmenite blebs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of this newly formed olivine exhibit absorption bands in the hydroxyl-stretching region. Two intense peaks were observed at 3,564 and 3,394 cm-1, identical in energy to peaks in Ti-clinohumite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same olivine domains revealed the presence of a complex (001) planar intergrowth. These interlayers have a 1.35 nm repeat distance, which is characteristic of clinohumite. Such interlayers are also enriched in Ti with respect to the adjacent olivine as shown by energy dispersive spectrometry. The combined evidence from FTIR spectroscopy and TEM indicates that OH is incorporated along Ti-clinohumite planar defects. This study provides evidence that the nominally anhydrous phase olivine may contain OH as a humite-type defect beyond the breakdown of the hydrous humite minerals and confirms earlier suggestions that Ti plays a key role in OH incorporation in mantle olivine. We suggest that olivine containing Ti-clinohumite defects is an important phase for water transport in subduction zones and for the storage of water in cold subcontinental mantle. However, these defects are unlikely to be stable in hotter parts of the oceanic mantle such as where basaltic magmas are generated

Unconventional magnetism in all-carbon nanofoam

We report production of nanostructured carbon foam by a high-repetition-rate, high-power laser ablation of glassy carbon in Ar atmosphere. A combination of characterization techniques revealed that the system contains both sp2 and sp3 bonded carbon atoms. The material is a novel form of carbon in which graphite-like sheets fill space at very low density due to strong hyperbolic curvature, as proposed for ?schwarzite?. The foam exhibits ferromagnetic-like behaviour up to 90 K, with a narrow hysteresis curve and a high saturation magnetization. Such magnetic properties are very unusual for a carbon allotrope. Detailed analysis excludes impurities as the origin of the magnetic signal. We postulate that localized unpaired spins occur because of topological and bonding defects associated with the sheet curvature, and that these spins are stabilized due to the steric protection offered by the convoluted sheets.Comment: 14 pages, including 2 tables and 7 figs. Submitted to Phys Rev B 10 September 200