Höhengradienten in der Biodiversitäts-Forschung: eine Übersicht unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels

Mountains, with their isolated position and altitudinal belts, are hotspots of biodiversity. Their flora and fauna have been observed worldwide since the days of Alexander von Humboldt, which has led to basic knowledge and understanding of species composition and the most important driving forces of ecosystem differentiation in such altitudinal gradients. Systematically designed analyses of changes in species composition with increasing elevation have been increasingly implemented since the 1990s. Since global climate change is one of the most important problems facing the world this century, a focus on such ecosystem studies is urgently needed. To identify the main future needs of such research we analyze the studies dealing with species changes of diverse taxonomical groups along altitudinal gradients (0 to 6,400 m a.s. l.) on all continents, published during the past one to two decades. From our study we can conclude that although mountains are powerful for climate change research most studies have to face the challenge of separating confounding effects driving species assemblages along altitudinal gradients. Our study therefore supports the view of the need of a global altitudinal concept including that (1) not only one or a few taxonomical groups should be analyzed, but rather different taxonomical groups covering all ecosystem functions simultaneously; (2) relevant site conditions should be registered to reveal direct environmental variables responsible for species distribution patterns and to resolve inconsistent effects along the altitudinal gradients; (3) transect design is appropriate for analyzing ecosystem changes in site gradients and over time; (4) both the study design and the individual methods should be standardized to compare the data collected worldwide; and (5) a long-term perspective is important to quantify the degree and direction of species changes and to validate species distribution models. (6) Finally we suggest to develop experimental altitudinal approaches to overcome the addressed problems of biodiversity surveys.Gebirge mit ihrer mehr oder weniger isolierten Lage und ihren vielfältigen Höhenstufen stellen „Hotspots der Biodiversität“ dar. Ihre Flora und Fauna wird seit den ersten Beschreibungen durch Alexander von Humboldt immer wieder untersucht. Systematisch angelegte Studien zur räumlichen Verteilung von Arten bzw. Artengruppen in Höhengradienten erlangen eine zunehmend größere Bedeutung seit den 1990iger Jahren, insbesondere im Rahmen der Klimafolgenforschung. Um für die zukünftige Biodiversitätsforschung die heute als wesentlich angesehenen Forschungsansätze zu identifizieren, wurden in dieser Studie Literaturangaben der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte über die sich verändernden Artenzusammensetzungen in Höhengradienten aus allen Kontinenten, verschiedenen Artengruppen und einem Höhenbereich von 0 bis 6.400 m ü. NN ausgewertet. Diese Zusammenstellung zeigt, dass Untersuchungen der Muster der Biodiversität von Höhengradienten in Gebirgen einen wichtigen Beitrag für das Verständnis der Herausbildung und Änderung von Biodiversitätsmustern gerade im Rahmen des zu erwartenden Klimawandels leisten können. Die Musterbildung im Höhengradienten ist für verschiedene Artengruppen durchaus unterschiedlich. Diese Literaturauswertung macht aber auch die Notwendigkeit eines weltweit einheitlichen Konzeptes für die Forschung in Höhengradienten deutlich. Ein solches Konzept sollte folgende Gesichtspunkte beinhalten: (1) Nicht nur ausgewählte Artengruppen, sondern mehrere verschiedene Artengruppen gemeinsam analysieren; nur so lassen sich die vielfältigen Ökosystemfunktionen und Prozesse berücksichtigen. (2) Begleitend möglichst viele Umweltfaktoren erfassen, um herausarbeiten zu können, welche der Umweltfaktoren für die Musterbildung wirklich maßgeblich sind. (3) Die Transekte so anlegen, dass sie nicht nur eine einmalige räumliche Analyse ermöglichen, sondern auch zukünftig im Sinne von Zeitreihen zur Verfügung stehen. (4) Sowohl das Erhebungsflächendesign als auch die Aufnahmemethoden für die einzelnen Artengruppen standardisieren, um die Daten weltweit vergleichen zu können. (5) Langzeitstudien starten; denn nur sie bieten die Möglichkeit, erwartete oder aus Modellen abgeleitete Veränderungen der Artenzusammensetzungen bzw. von Verschiebungen von einzelnen Arten im Höhengradienten zu validieren. (6) Gezielt konzipierte Experimente einsetzen, um offene Fragen zur Verteilung der Arten in Höhengradienten untersuchen zu können

Unterrichtsmodule zur Gesundheitsförderung Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten interventionsstudie an zwei Gymnasien

Zusammenfassung: In einer kontrollierten interventionsstudie an zwei neusprachlichen Gymnasien des Kantons Zürich wurden die Effekte gesundheitsfördernder Unterrichtsmodule untersucht, welche von Lehrpersonen und Jugendlichen gemeinsam entwickelt und in den üblichen Schulunterricht integriert wurden. Im einzelnen interessierten Auswirkungen auf das Unterrichtsklima, den Schulstress der Lernenden und deren physische und psychische Befindlichkeit. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler der interventions- und Kontrollschule wurden im Verlauf von 18 Monaten dreimal mit einem ausführlichen Fragebogen befragt. In der Interventions-schule wurden zwischen t1 und t2 (intervall 12 Monate) die Module zur Gesundheitsförderung implementiert. Im Untersuchungszeitraum kam es einerseits zu einer kritischeren Einschätzung des Unterrichtsklimas und des Schulstresses, andererseits zu einer Abnahme der physischen und psychischen Beschwerden bei den Lernenden. Diese Ergebnisse waren in beiden Schulen gleich, d.h. es liessen sich keine interventions-effekte nachweisen. Vermutlich wirkt die Teilnahme an einer Verlaufs-studie mit wiederholten Erhebungen im Sinne einer Sensibilisierung und Mobilisierung von Ressourcen bei den Jugendlichen. Die Studie zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Gesundheitsförderung bei Adoleszenten auf, weist aber auch auf Konflikte zwischen pädagogischem Leistungsauftrag und psychosomatischen Präventionsstrategien hi

Chronic stress experience in young physicians: impact of person- and workplace-related factors

Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to investigate and compare the relative impact of workplace-related factors and personal characteristics on chronic psychosocial stress experience in young physicians. Methods: In a prospective study, a cohort of Swiss medical school graduates was followed up, beginning in 2001. In their fourth and eighth year after graduation, 443 physicians assessed their workplace conditions, the experienced effort-reward imbalance, the received professional and emotional support as well as their personal characteristics. The chronic stress experience was measured by the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress-Screening Subscale of Chronic Stress (TICS-SCSS), 7years after graduation. The model of influencing factors on chronic stress experience was tested with a hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The mean in chronic stress (TICS-SCSS) in our study sample is significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to an age-matched population representative sample. In the prediction of chronic stress, the workplace-related factor effort-reward imbalance as well as the personal characteristic overcommitment turned out to be the most important risk factors. Stress protective are high satisfaction with career support, sense of coherence and occupational self-efficacy. The whole set of variables used in the regression model explains 51% of the variance of chronic stress experience. In the prediction of chronic stress, gender has no significant moderator effect. Conclusions: It is a matter of concern that young physicians report to feel chronically stressed early in their professional career. Actions have to be taken to reduce the stress level mainly in regard to re-establish reciprocity between perceived effort invested and rewards received, in the form of esteem, monetary gain and career opportunities including job securit

Work stress and reduced health in young physicians: prospective evidence from Swiss residents

Objectives: Job stress, investigated by the effort-reward model in various working environments in different countries, has been widely reported, yet studies addressing physicians are lacking. The present study investigated the perceived job stress, its association with the amount of working hours, and its impact on young physicians' self-reported health and their satisfaction with life during residency. Methods: In a prospective study design, a cohort of Swiss medical school graduates was followed up, beginning in 2001. In their second and fourth years of residency, 433 physicians assessed their effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, physical and mental well-being and satisfaction in life. Taking the longitudinal design into account, four categories of stressed residents were defined: (1) subjects not reporting high work stress at either measurement, (2) subjects reporting high work stress in the second but not in the fourth year of residency, (3) subjects with onset of high work stress in fourth year and (4) residents reporting high work stress at both measurements. Results: All components of the perceived stress at work were significantly correlated with the amount of working hours, effort showing the highest correlation. While two-thirds of the participants do not report high work stress, assessed by the extrinsic part of the effort-reward imbalance model (the ratio between effort and reward) and 12% show a decrease of stress over time, there are 15% with an increase of stress over time, and 10% with persistently high stress experience. In terms of the intrinsic stress component (overcommitment), 71% show low values, 12% show a decrease, 9% an increase and 8% constantly high values. The groups with constant and increasing extrinsic and intrinsic stress experience exhibit significantly worse health and life satisfaction compared to the remaining groups, after controlling for gender and baseline health. Conclusions: Stress at work in young physicians, especially when being experienced over a longer period in postgraduate training, has to be a matter of concern because of its negative impact on health and life satisfaction and the risk of developing symptoms of burnout in the long ru

Towards Automatic Generation of Amplified Regression Test Oracles

Regression testing is crucial in ensuring that pure code refactoring does not adversely affect existing software functionality, but it can be expensive, accounting for half the cost of software maintenance. Automated test case generation reduces effort but may generate weak test suites. Test amplification is a promising solution that enhances tests by generating additional or improving existing ones, increasing test coverage, but it faces the test oracle problem. To address this, we propose a test oracle derivation approach that uses object state data produced during System Under Test (SUT) test execution to amplify regression test oracles. The approach monitors the object state during test execution and compares it to the previous version to detect any changes in relation to the SUT's intended behaviour. Our preliminary evaluation shows that the proposed approach can enhance the detection of behaviour changes substantially, providing initial evidence of its effectiveness.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

Web-Based Emotion Regulation Training for Sexual Health: Randomized Controlled Trial

Effective emotional regulation (ER) skills are important for sexual function, as they impact emotional awareness and expression during sexual activity, and therefore, satisfaction and distress. Emotion regulation interventions may offer a promising approach to improve sexual health. Web-based emotion regulation may be a therapeutic strategy for men and women with sexual health concerns. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of intervention trials investigating its effects in this context, much less using the internet. This study aims to investigate the effects of a web-based emotion regulation training program for sexual function in both men and women. The participants were recruited based on their self-reported sexual problems, which for men was defined by a score of &lt;25 on the International Index Erectile Function (IIEF) and for women by a score of &lt;26.55 on the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The final sample included 60 participants who were randomized to either a web-based emotion regulation training for sexual function or to a waitlist control group. The treatment consisted of an 8-week web-based emotion regulation training for sexual function. The participants were assessed at baseline, post intervention, and the 3-month follow-up. Of the 60 participants included, only 6 completed all 3 assessment points (n=5, 20% in the treatment group and n=1, 5% in the waitlist control group) after receiving the intervention. At follow-up, there were no significant differences between groups in any measure. Among the intervention completers, large-to-moderate within-group effect sizes were observed between the assessment points on measures of emotion regulation, depression, lubrication, orgasm, thoughts of sexual failure, and abuse during sexual activity. The adherence rate was very low, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Participants who completed the intervention showed improvements in both sexual function domains and emotion regulation. Nonetheless, due to a high dropout rate, this trial failed to collect sufficient data to allow for any conclusions to be drawn on treatment effects. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04792177; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04792177