Trajectories of cognitive decline over 10 years in a Brazilian elderly population: the Bambui Cohort Study of Aging

Few population-based studies have examined long term cognitive trajectory, and these studies were conducted in high income countries. We investigated the association of age, gender and education with 10-year cognitive trajectory in a well-defined population of elderly using data from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, in Brazil. Cognition was measured using the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cohort members underwent annual follow-ups. This analysis was based on 12,206 MMSE measurements from 1,461 (91%) baseline participants. We used mixed effects models to study MMSE as outcome. The key findings from this analysis are that women and people with a higher schooling level at baseline had high scores of MMSE, while older participants started off lower. Regarding cognitive decline, women, older people and those with a higher schooling level declined faster.Poucos estudos de base populacional examinaram a trajetória no longo prazo do declínio cognitivo. Os estudos existentes foram conduzidos em países de alta renda. Nós investigamos as associações entre idade, sexo e escolaridade e o declínio cognitivo em uma população idosa bem definida, utilizando dados de 10 anos de seguimento da coorte de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A cognição foi aferida anualmente por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Essa análise foi baseada em 12.206 medidas do MEEM de 1.461 (90%) participantes da linha de base. Foram utilizados modelos de efeitos mistos, considerando-se o escore do MEEM como variável de desfecho. As mulheres e os indivíduos com maior escolaridade apresentaram resultados mais altos no MEEM na linha de base, enquanto que os idosos mais velhos apresentaram pontuações mais baixas. Com relação ao declínio cognitivo, participantes do sexo feminino, com maior escolaridade e mais velhos, apresentam reduções mais rápidas dos escores do MEEM

The control of schistosomiasis in Brazil: an ethno-epidemiological study of the effectiveness of a community mobilization program for health education

This study combined anthropological and epidemiological approaches to assess the effectiveness of community mobilization for health education, developed as part of the Brazilian program for the control of schistosomiasis. The study was carried out in two villages in the state of Minas Gerais, SE Brazil, exposed to the same established schistosomiaisis control strategies. Residents of one village were also exposed to the community mobilization for health education (study area) while those from the other community were not exposed to this program (control area). Schistosoma mansoni prevalence rates for the study and control villages were compared over time. A population-based survey was carried out in the two villages to obtain information on socio-demographic factors, water contact patterns and knowledge of S. mansoni transmission. Intensive ethnographic interviews with key informants in each locality were employed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the communities regarding schistosomiasis. Ethnographic data were analysed using the model of systems of signs, meanings and actions. Differences were observed in prevalence trends between the study and control areas but they could not be explained by the existence of the community mobilization program in the former. It was also found that educational actions carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Health transmitted information on schistosomiasis but were ineffective in transforming the information received into preventive behaviour related to water contact. With regard to disease, the population studied tended to distinguish minor symptoms, which they associated with water contact, from major symptoms, which they attributed to lack of medical treatment. This distinction mediated perceptions of the severity of "xistose" and reduced the importance of avoiding contact with potentially infested waters. The perception of protection conferred by treatment observed in the present study might also apply to other communities where access to treatment is readily available and free. The extent to which this perception exists in endemic areas needs to be determined so that apparent contradictions of this type can be addressed in future educational programs.Schistosomiasis Schistosoma mansoni Health education Community mobilization Ethnoepidemiology Brazil

National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants

Background Data for trends in blood pressure are needed to understand the effects of its dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacological determinants; set intervention priorities; and evaluate national programmes. However, few worldwide analyses of trends in blood pressure have been done. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean systolic blood pressure (SBP)

The Global Cardiovascular Risk Transition Associations of Four Metabolic Risk Factors with National Income, Urbanization, and Western Diet in 1980 and 2008

Background-It is commonly assumed that cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with affluence and Westernization. We investigated the associations of body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol with national income, Western diet, and, for BMI, urbanization in 1980 and 2008